Tricyclic compounds for use in treatment of proliferative disorders

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) as defined herein, and salts, hydrates and solvates thereof. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula (I), and to the use of compounds of Formula (I) in the treatment or prevention of PRMT5-mediated disorders, such as cancer.

The present invention relates to compounds suitable for the inhibition of protein arginine methyl-transferase (PRMT), in particular PRMT5. These compounds may be for use as therapeutic agents, in particular, agents for use in the treatment and/or prevention of proliferative diseases, such as cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The transition from G1 into S phase of the cell cycle is tightly regulated in normal cells, but universally deregulated in tumour cells. The pathway involves the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor (pRb) protein, which acts to negatively regulate the G1 to S phase transition through its key target, the E2F family of transcription factors. E2F transcription factors control the expression of a variety of genes that are intimately connected with cell proliferation and cell death, including many involved with DNA synthesis. In tumour cells, normal regulation of E2F is lost (due to oncogenic mutation in the Rb gene or deregulation of Rb activity through other oncogenically-relevant mechanisms), liberating E2F, which subsequently drives cells into S phase and enables cell division to occur. The first member of the family, E2F1, is an important regulator of cell fate. E2F1 both promotes cell proliferation and also causes the opposing outcome, namely apoptosis (cell death).

The protein arginine methyl transferase PRMT5 is elevated in many human malignancies, including lymphomas, lung cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer, and its expression level correlates with poor disease prognosis. It is one of the major protein PRMTs in mammalian cells, exhibiting roles in cell death, cell-cycle progression, cell growth and cell proliferation. From the perspective of cancer drug discovery, arginine methylation of E2F1 by PRMT5 is responsible for keeping E2F1 in its growth stimulating mode. This occurs because arginine methylation by PRMT5 suppresses apoptosis driven by E2F-1, and thereby holds E2F-1 and cells expressing methylated E2F1 in their growing state. Thus, inhibiting PRMT5 enzyme activity provides a rational approach to reinstating tumour cell death by reactivating a physiological mechanism, dependent on E2F1 activity, which is responsible for keeping abnormal growth in check.

The relationship between PRMT5 and cancer has been studied extensively, for example, in the references cited below.

There is a need for alternative and/or improved agents capable of inhibiting PRMT5.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, and/or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in therapy.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in the treatment or prevention of a PRMT5-mediated disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in the treatment of a proliferative disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in the treatment cancer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a PRMT5-mediated disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a proliferative disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a PRMT5-mediated disorder, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a proliferative disorder, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating cancer, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the activity of PRMT5 in vivo or in vitro, said method comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of altering gene expression in a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a combination comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, as defined herein, with one or more additional therapeutic agents.

Preferred, suitable, and optional features of any one particular aspect of the present invention are also preferred, suitable, and optional features of any other aspect.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The compounds and intermediates described herein may be named according to either the IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry) or CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) nomenclature systems. It should be understood that unless expressly stated to the contrary, the terms “compounds of Formula I”, “compounds of Formula IA” and “compounds of Formula IB” and the more general term “compounds” refer to and include any and all compounds described by and/or with reference to Formula I, IA and IB respectively. It should also be understood that these terms encompasses all stereoisomers, i.e. cis and trans isomers, as well as optical isomers, i.e. R and S enantiomers, of such compounds and all salts thereof, in substantially pure form and/or any mixtures of the foregoing in any ratio. This understanding extends to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment that employ or comprise one or more compounds of the Formula I, either by themselves or in combination with additional agents.

The various hydrocarbon-containing moieties provided herein may be described using a prefix designating the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety, e.g. “(C_(a-b))” or “C_(a)-C_(b)” or “(a-b)C”. For example, (C_(a-b))alkyl indicates an alkyl moiety having the integer “a” to the integer “b” number of carbon atoms, inclusive. Certain moieties may also be described according to the minimum and maximum number of members with or without specific reference to a particular atom or overall structure. For example, the terms “a to b membered ring” or “having between a to b members” refer to a moiety having the integer “a” to the integer “b” number of atoms, inclusive.

“About” when used herein in conjunction with a measurable value such as, for example, an amount or a period of time and the like, is meant to encompass reasonable variations of the value, for instance, to allow for experimental error in the measurement of said value.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkyl” and “alkyl group” refer to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain. Unless specified otherwise, alkyl groups typically contain 1-10 carbon atoms, such as 1-6 carbon atoms or 1-4 carbon atoms or 1-3 carbon atoms, and can be substituted or unsubstituted. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, etc.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkylene” and “alkylene group” refer to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain. Unless specified otherwise, alkylene groups typically contain 1-10 carbon atoms, such as 1-6 carbon atoms or 1-3 carbon atoms, and can be substituted or unsubstituted. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylene (—CH₂—), the ethylene isomers (—CH(CH₃)— and —CH₂CH₂—), the propylene isomers (—CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH(CH₂CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₃—, and —CH₂CH₂CH₂—), etc.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkenyl” and “alkenyl group” refer to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond. Unless specified otherwise, alkenyl groups typically contain 2-10 carbon atoms, such as 2-6 carbon atoms or 2-4 carbon atoms, and can be substituted or unsubstituted. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 3-buten-1-yl, 2-ethenylbutyl, and 3-hexen-1-yl.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkynyl” and “alkynyl group” refer to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain containing at least one triple bond. Unless specified otherwise, alkynyl groups typically contain 2-10 carbon atoms, such as 2-6 carbon atoms or 2-4 carbon atoms, and can be substituted or unsubstituted. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 3-butyn-1-yl, propynyl, 2-butyn-1-yl, and 3-pentyn-1-yl.

As used herein by itself or in conjunction with another term or terms, “aromatic” refers to monocyclic and polycyclic ring systems containing 4n+2 pi electrons, where n is an integer. Aromatic should be understood as referring to and including ring systems that contain only carbon atoms (i.e. “aryl”) as well as ring systems that contain at least one heteroatom selected from N, O or S (i.e. “heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl”). An aromatic ring system can be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein by itself or in conjunction with another term or terms, “non-aromatic” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having at least one double bond that is not part of an extended conjugated pi system. As used herein, non-aromatic refers to and includes ring systems that contain only carbon atoms as well as ring systems that contain at least one heteroatom selected from N, O or S. A non-aromatic ring system can be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “aryl” and “aryl group” refer to phenyl and 7-15 membered bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, including bridged, spiro, and/or fused ring systems, in which at least one of the rings is aromatic. Aryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Unless specified otherwise, an aryl group may contain 6 ring atoms (i.e., phenyl) or a ring system containing 9 to 15 atoms, such as 9 to 11 ring atoms, or 9 or 10 ring atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, naphthyl, indanyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocycloheptenyl, and 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocycloheptenyl. Suitably an aryl group is phenyl and naphthyl, suitably phenyl.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “arylene” and “arylene group” refer to a phenylene (—C₆H₄—) or to 7 to 15 membered bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, including bridged, spiro, and/or fused ring systems, in which at least one of the rings is aromatic. Arylene groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. In some embodiments, an arylene group may contain 6 (i.e., phenylene) ring atoms or be a ring system containing 9 to 15 atoms; such as 9 to 11 ring atoms; or 9 or 10 ring atoms. Arylene groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkylaryl” and “alkylaryl group” refer to an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group, wherein alkyl group and aryl group are as previously defined, such as, for example, benzyl (C₆H₅CH₂—). Alkylaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “carbocyclic group” and “carbocycle” refer to monocyclic and polycyclic ring systems that contain only carbon atoms in the ring(s), i.e., hydrocarbon ring systems, without regard or reference to aromaticity or degree of unsaturation. Thus, carbocyclic group should be understood as referring to and including ring systems that are fully saturated (such as, for example, a cyclohexyl group), ring systems that are aromatic (such as, for example, a phenyl group), as well as ring systems having fully saturated, aromatic and/or unsaturated portions (such as, for example, cyclohexenyl, 2,3-dihydro-indenyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl). The terms carbocyclic and carbocycle further include bridged, fused, and spirocyclic ring systems.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “cycloalkyl” and “cycloalkyl group” refer to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring system, that may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may be bridged, spiro, and/or fused. A cycloalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Unless specified otherwise, a cycloalkyl group typically contains from 3 to 12 ring atoms. In some instances a cycloalkyl group may contain 4 to 10 ring atoms (e.g., 4 ring atoms, 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, etc.). Representative examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]hexane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.2.1]octane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, and bicyclo[3.3.2]decane. Suitably, cycloalkyl groups are selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl groups.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkylcycloalkyl” and “alkylcycloalkyl group” refer to an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a cycloalkyl group, wherein alkyl group and cycloalkyl group are as previously defined, such as, for example, cyclohexylmethyl (C₆H₁₁CH₂—). Alkylcycloalkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “haloalkyl” and “haloalkyl group” refer to alkyl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. Haloalkyl includes both saturated alkyl groups as well as unsaturated alkenyl and alkynyl groups. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CF₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CH₃, —CHFCH₃, —CF₂CF₂CF₃, —CF₂CH₂CH₃, —CF═CF₂, —CCl═CH₂, —CBr═CH₂, —Cl═CH₂, —C≡C—CF₃, —CHFCH₂CH₃ and —CHFCH₂CF₃. Haloalkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Suitably, a haloalkyl group is selected from CHF₂ and CF₃, suitably CF₃.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “haloalkoxy” and “haloalkoxy group” refer to alkoxy groups (i.e. O-alkyl groups) in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. Haloalkoxy includes both saturated alkoxy groups as well as unsaturated alkenyl and alkynyl groups. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, —OCF₂CF₃, —OCHFCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —OCF₂CH₃, —OCHFCH₃, —OCF₂CF₂CF₃, —OCF₂CH₂CH₃, —OCF═CF₂, —OCCl═CH₂, —OCBr═CH₂, —OCHFCH₂CH₃ and —OCHFCH₂CF₃. Haloalkoxy groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Suitably, a haloalkyoxy group is selected from —OCHF₂ and —OCF₃, suitably —OCF₃.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “halo” and “halogen” include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms and substituents.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “heteroaryl” and “heteroaryl group” refer to (a) 5 and 6 membered monocyclic aromatic rings, which contain, in addition to carbon atom(s), at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and (b) 7 to 15 membered bicyclic and tricyclic rings, which contain, in addition to carbon atom(s), at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and in which at least one of the rings is aromatic. In some instances, a heteroaryl group can contain two or more heteroatoms, which may be the same or different. Heteroaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted, and may be bridged, spiro, and/or fused. In some instances, a heteroaryl group may contain 5, 6, or 8 to 15 ring atoms. In other instances, a heteroaryl group may contain 5 to 10 ring atoms, such as 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 1,2-dihydroquinolinyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, benzoxazinyl, benzthiazinyl, chromanyl, furanyl, 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, thienyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, phthalazinyl, purinyl, alloxazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, 2H-1-benzopyranyl, benzothiadiazine, benzothiazinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, cinnolinyl, furopyridinyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, or 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-indolyl, 3H-indolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, 10-aza-tricyclo[6.3.1.0^(2,7)]dodeca-2(7),3,5-trienyl, 12-oxa-10-aza-tricyclo[6.3.1.0^(2,7)]dodeca-2(7),3,5-trienyl, 12-aza-tricyclo[7.2.1.0^(2,7)]dodeca-2(7),3,5-trienyl, 10-aza-tricyclo[6.3.2.0^(2,7)]trideca-2(7),3,5-trienyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d]azepinyl, 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[d]azepin-2-onyl, 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b]azepin-2-onyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[c]azepin-1-onyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-onyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepinyl, 5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7-oxa-benzocycloheptenyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepinyl, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[e][1,3]diazepin-3-onyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[f][1,4]oxazepin-5-onyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-thia-8-aza-benzocycloheptenyl, 5,5-dioxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-thia-8-aza-benzocycloheptenyl, and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[f][1,4]oxazepinyl. Suitably, a heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring comprising one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkylheteroaryl” and “alkylheteroaryl group” refer to an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a heteroaryl group, wherein alkyl group and heteroaryl group are as previously defined. Alkylheteroaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Where carbon numbers are provided, e.g. (C_(n-m))alkylheteroaryl, the range refers to the whole group. Suitably, the consitutent alkyl group has 1-6 carbons, suitable 1-3 carbons.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “heterocyclic group” and “heterocycle” refer to monocyclic and polycyclic ring systems that contain carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus in the ring(s), without regard or reference to aromaticity or degree of unsaturation. Thus, a heterocyclic group should be understood as referring to and including ring systems that are fully saturated (such as, for example, a piperidinyl group), ring systems that are aromatic (such as, for example, a pyrindinyl group), as well as ring systems having fully saturated, aromatic and/or unsaturated portions (such as, for example, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl and 6,8-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrizinyl). The terms heterocyclic and heterocycle further include bridged, fused, and spirocyclic ring systems.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl group” refer to 3 to 15 membered monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic non-aromatic ring systems, which contain, in addition to carbon atom(s), at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus. Heterocycloalkyl groups may be fully saturated or contain unsaturated portions and may be bridged, spiro, and/or fused ring systems. In some instances a heterocycloalkyl group may contain at least two or heteroatoms, which may be the same or different. Heterocycloalkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. In some instances a heterocycloalkyl group may contain from 3 to 10 ring atoms or from 3 to 7 ring atoms or from 5 to 7 ring atoms, such as 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, or 7 ring atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, homomorpholinyl, homopiperidyl, homopiperazinyl, thiomorpholinyl-5-oxide, thiomorpholinyl-S,S-dioxide, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrothienyl, homopiperidinyl, homothiomorpholinyl-S,S-dioxide, oxazolidinonyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl-5-oxide, tetrahydrothienyl-S,S-dioxide, homothiomorpholinyl-5-oxide, quinuclidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 8-oxa-3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,8-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 2,5-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 3,8-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,9-diaza-bicyclo[4.2.1]nonanyl, 2,6-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonanyl, [1,4]oxaphosphinanyl-4-oxide, [1,4]azaphosphinanyl-4-oxide, [1,2]oxaphospholanyl-2-oxide, phosphinanyl-1-oxide, [1,3]azaphospholidinynl-3-oxide, [1,3]oxaphospholanyl-3-oxide, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 6,8-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7-yl, 6,8-dihydro-5H-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-7-yl, 6,8-dihydro-5H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-7-yl, 5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-d][1,4]diazepin-7-yl and 6,8-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7-yl. Suitably, a heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein is a monocyclic, bicyclic or spiro heterocyclyl group comprising one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “heterocycloalkylene” and “heterocycloalkylene group” refer to 3 to 15 membered monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic non-aromatic ring systems, which contain, in addition to carbon atom(s), at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus. Heterocycloalkylene groups may be fully saturated or contain unsaturated portions and may be bridged, spiro, and/or fused. Heterocycloalkylene groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. In some instances, a heterocycloalkylene group may contain from 3 to 10 ring atoms; such as from 3 to 7 ring atoms. In other instances a heterocycloalkylene group may contain from 5 to 7 ring atoms, such as 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, or 7 ring atoms.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “alkylheterocycloalkyl” and “alkylheterocycloalkyl group” refer to an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a heterocycloalkyl group, wherein alkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group are as previously defined, such as, for example, pyrrolidinylmethyl (C₄H₈NCH₂—). Alkylheteroycloalkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Where carbon numbers are provided, e.g. (C_(n-m))alkylheterocycloalkyl, the range refers to the whole group. Suitably, the consitutent alkyl group has 1-6 carbons, suitable 1-3 carbons.

As used herein by itself or in conjunction with another term or terms, “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to materials that are generally chemically and/or physically compatible with other ingredients (such as, for example, with reference to a formulation), and/or is generally physiologically compatible with the recipient (such as, for example, a subject) thereof.

As used herein by itself or in conjunction with another term or terms, “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition that can be used to treat a disease, condition, or disorder in a subject, including a human.

As used herein by itself or in conjunction with another term or terms, “pseudohalogen” refers to —OCN, —SCN, —CF₃, and —CN.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “stable” and “chemically stable” refer to a compound that is sufficiently robust to be isolated from a reaction mixture with a useful degree of purity. The present application is directed solely to the preparation of stable compounds. When lists of alternative substituents include members which, owing to valency requirements, chemical stability, or other reasons, cannot be used to substitute a particular group, the list is intended to be read in context to include those members of the list that are suitable for substituting the particular group. For example, when considering the degree of optional substitution of a particular moiety, it should be understood that the number of substituents does not exceed the valency appropriate for that moiety. For example, if R¹ is a methyl group (—CH₃), it can be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 R⁵.

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “subject(s)” and “patient(s)”, suitably refer to mammals, in particular humans.

As used herein by itself or in conjunction with another term or terms, “substituted” indicates that a hydrogen atom on a molecule has been replaced with a different atom or group of atoms and the atom or group of atoms replacing the hydrogen atom is a “substituent.” It should be understood that the terms “substituent”, “substituents”, “moiety”, “moieties”, “group”, or “groups” refer to substituent(s).

As used herein by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “therapeutic” and “therapeutically effective amount” refer to an amount a compound, composition or medicament that (a) inhibits or causes an improvement in a particular disease, condition or disorder; (b) attenuates, ameliorates or eliminates one or more symptoms of a particular disease, condition or disorder; (c) or delays the onset of one or more symptoms of a particular disease, condition or disorder described herein. It should be understood that the terms “therapeutic” and “therapeutically effective” encompass any one of the aforementioned effects (a)-(c), either alone or in combination with any of the others (a)-(c). It should be understood that in, for example, a human or other mammal, a therapeutically effective amount can be determined experimentally in a laboratory or clinical setting, or a therapeutically effective amount may be the amount required by the guidelines of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or equivalent foreign regulatory body, for the particular disease and subject being treated. It should be appreciated that determination of proper dosage forms, dosage amounts, and routes of administration is within the level of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical and medical arts.

As used herein whether by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms, “treating”, “treated” and “treatment”, refer to and include prophylactic, ameliorative, palliative, and curative uses and results. In some embodiments, the terms “treating”, “treated”, and “treatment” refer to curative uses and results as well as uses and results that diminish or reduce the severity of a particular condition, characteristic, symptom, disorder, or disease described herein. For example, treatment can include diminishment of several symptoms of a condition or disorder or complete eradication of said condition or disorder. It should be understood that the term “prophylactic” as used herein is not absolute but rather refers to uses and results where the administration of a compound or composition diminishes the likelihood or seriousness of a condition, symptom, or disease state, and/or delays the onset of a condition, symptom, or disease state for a period of time.

As used herein, a “therapeutically active agent”, whether used alone or in conjunction with another term or terms, refers to any compound, i.e. a drug, that has been found to be useful in the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition and is not described by Formula I. It should be understood that a therapeutically active agent may not be approved by the FDA or an equivalent foreign regulatory body.

A “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject or patient for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject or patient to be treated.

As used herein in relation to the definition of group Y¹, the point of attachment of Y¹ to the adjacent carbon atom bearing groups R³ and R⁴ is depicted using a dashed line. Similarly, for group Z a dashed line also indicates point of attachment to the remainder of the compound of Formula I, IA and/or IB.

As used herein in relation the definition of group L, “a direct bond” means that group Z is attached directly to the carbon bearing groups R⁵ and R⁶.

As would be understood by the skilled person from Formula A and B, group Y is fused with the bicyclic structure to form a fused tricyclic system. Accordingly, when Y is, for instance, a fused phenyl group, Y shares two carbon atoms with the adjacent ring.

As used herein, the term “PRMT5-mediated disorder” means any disease, disorder, or other pathological condition in which PRMT5 is known to play a role. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases in which PRMT5 is known to play a role.

The invention will now be further described by way of the following numbered paragraphs:

1. A compound of formula I, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof,

wherein,

Y¹ is a group selected from one of formula A and B,

X is selected from O, S and NR⁷;

X¹ is selected from C and N;

Y is selected from a fused aryl group and a fused heteroaryl group, where each group is optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹;

n is 1 and L is selected from a direct bond, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))C(O)—, —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))S(O_(q))—, —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(b))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(c))C(O)O—, and —(CH₂)_(p)OC(O)N(R^(c))—; or

n is 0 and L is selected from R^(d)(R^(e))NC(O)—, —R^(d)(R^(e))NC(O)N(R^(b))—, R^(d)(R^(e))N(R^(c))C(O)O—, R^(d)(R^(e))N(R^(c))S(O_(q)) and R^(d)(R^(e))N—;

p is a number selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3; q is a number selected from 1 and 2; Z is selected from C₆₋₁₁aryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, (C₇₋₁₆)alkylaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, C₃₋₁₁cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, (C₄₋₁₇)cycloalkylalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 3-15 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 4-21 membered alkylheterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 5-15 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 6-21 membered alkylheteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰;

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —NR^(e)R^(d), OR^(f), and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹;

R² is selected from hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹;

R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹;

R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, phenyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), COR^(a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —C(═O)OR^(d), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —C(O)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)OR^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)S(═O)₂R^(d), —NR^(e)S(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), —OR^(d), —SR^(d), —OC(═O)R^(d), —OC(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —OC(═O)OR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d), —S(═O)R^(d), —OS(═O)R^(d), —OS(═O)₂R^(d), —OS(═O)₂OR^(d), —S(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —OS(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), and —S(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), where said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; each R^(d) is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₁ aryl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R^(e) is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; or

R^(e) and R^(d), when attached to the same atom, together with the atom to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; and

R^(f) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 1a. A compound of formula I, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof,

wherein,

Y¹ is a group selected from one of formula A and B,

X is selected from O, S, CH and NR⁷;

X¹ is selected from C and N;

Y is selected from a fused aryl group and a fused heteroaryl group, where each group is optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹;

n is 1 and L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))C(O)—, —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))S(O_(q))—, —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(b))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(c))C(O)O—, and —(CH₂)_(p)OC(O)N(R^(c))—; or

n is 0 and L is selected from R^(d)(R^(e))NC(O)—, —R^(d)(R^(e))NC(O)N(R^(b))—, R^(d)(R^(e))N(R^(c))C(O)O—, R^(d)(R^(e))N(R^(c))S(O_(q)) and R^(d)(R^(e))N—;

p is a number selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3;

q is a number selected from 1 and 2;

Z is selected from C₆₋₁₁aryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, (C₇₋₁₆)alkylaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, C₃₋₁₁cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, (C₄₋₁₇)cycloalkylalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 3-15 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 4-21 membered alkylheterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 5-15 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 6-21 membered alkylheteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰;

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —NR^(e)R^(d), OR^(f), and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹;

R² is selected from hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹;

R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹;

R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, phenyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl;

each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), COR^(a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl;

each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —C(═O)OR^(d), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —C(O)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)OR^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)S(═O)₂R^(d), —NR^(e)S(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), —OR^(d), —SR^(d), —OC(═O)R^(d), —OC(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —OC(═O)OR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d), —S(═O)R^(d), —OS(═O)R^(d), —OS(═O)₂R^(d), —OS(═O)₂OR^(d), —S(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —OS(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), and —S(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), where said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl;

each R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl;

each R^(d) is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₁ aryl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl;

each R^(e) is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; or

R^(e) and R^(d), when attached to the same atom, together with the atom to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; and

R^(f) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl;

with the proviso that the compound of formula I is not:

-   2-[3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-[3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-[3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; -   2-[3-(N-methyl-N-phenylethylamino)propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-[3-(N-methyl-N-phenylethylamino)propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-[3-(N-methyl-N-phenylethylamino)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; -   2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1yl]     propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1 yl]     propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1yl]     propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; -   2-[3-(isoindolin-2-yl)propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-[3-(isoindolin-2-yl)propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; -   2-[3-(isoindolin-2-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; -   1-(3-(8-methoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)piperazine;     or -   1-(3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)piperazine     trihydrochloride.     2. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 and 1a, or a     salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein X is selected from NR⁷ and     O.     3. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 and 1a, or a     salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein X is selected from NR⁷ and     S.     4. A compound according to paragraph 1a, or a salt, solvate or     hydrate thereof, wherein X is selected from NR⁷ and CH.     5. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein X is NR⁷.     6. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein X¹ is C.     7. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein X¹ is N.     8. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁷ is selected from hydrogen,     C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆     alkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted by one or more     substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, COR^(a),     NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7     membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.     9. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁷ is selected hydrogen, C₁₋₃     alkyl and cyclopropyl.     10. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁷ is selected hydrogen and     methyl.     11. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y is selected from a fused     phenyl group and a fused 5-6 membered heteroaryl group where each     group is optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹.     12. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y is selected from a fused     phenyl group, a fused pyridyl group and a fused pyrimidinyl group     where each group is optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹.     13. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y is selected from a fused     phenyl group and fused pyridyl group where each group is optionally     substituted with one or more R¹¹.     14. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y is selected from a fused     phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹.     15. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen,     halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl     and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, are optionally     substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen,     CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁     aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.     16. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen,     halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆     alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or     more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a),     NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7     membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.     17. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen,     halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is     optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from     hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆     cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl     and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.     18. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen,     halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is     optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from     hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆     cycloalkyl, phenyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.     19. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen,     halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl and O—C₁₋₃ alkyl.     20. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt,     solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y¹ is selected from:

21. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 19, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y¹ is selected from:

22. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y¹ is selected from:

23. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 19, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y¹ is selected from:

24. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 19, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y¹ is selected from:

25. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 19, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y¹ is selected from:

26. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹. 27. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹. 28. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen. 29. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen. 30. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R³ and R⁵ are hydrogen. 31. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen. 32. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R² is selected from hydrogen, and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹. 33. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R² is selected from hydrogen, and C₁₋₃alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹. 34. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from hydrogen, OR^(f), and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹. 35. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from hydrogen and OR^(f). 36. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is OR^(f). 37. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 34 to 36, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(f) is selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 38. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 25, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are all hydrogen. 39. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 37, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is OH. 40. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 37, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is OH and R² is hydrogen. 41. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 37, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is OH and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen. 42. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁹ is selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), COR^(a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 43. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁹ is selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), COR^(a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 44. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁹ is selected from hydroxyl, halogen, and C₁₋₃ alkyl. 45. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁹ is selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), COR^(a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 46. A compound according to paragraph 1 or 1a, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula IA:

wherein Z, n, L and Y¹ are as defined in paragraph 1 or 1a. 47. A compound according to paragraph 46, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula IB:

wherein Y² is selected from,

where R¹² is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 48. A compound according to paragraph 47, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula IB:

wherein Y² is selected from,

49. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 47 and 48 or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹² is selected from hydrogen, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, O—C₁₋₆alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl and phenyl, are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 50. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 47 and 48, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹² is selected from hydrogen, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 51. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 47 and 48, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹² is selected from hydrogen, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 52. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 47 and 48, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹² is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 53. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 47 and 48, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹² is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 54. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein n is 1 and L is selected from a direct bond, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))C(O)—, —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))S(O_(q))—, —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(b))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(c))C(O)O— and —(CH₂)_(p)OC(O)N(R^(c))—. 55. A compound according to paragraph 54, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein L is selected from a direct bond, —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(b))—, and —(CH₂)_(p)OC(O)N(R^(c))—. 56. A compound according to paragraph 54, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(b))—, and —(CH₂)_(p)OC(O)N(R^(c))—. 57. A compound according to paragraph 54, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))— and —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—. 58. A compound according to paragraph 54, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—. 59. A compound according to any preceding paragraph wherein R^(a) is hydrogen. 60. A compound according to paragraph 1 or 1a, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula IC:

wherein Z, R^(a) and Y¹ are as defined in paragraph 1 or 1a. 61. A compound according to paragraph 60, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula ID:

wherein Y³ is selected from,

where R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 62. A compound according to paragraph 61, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula ID:

wherein Y³ is selected from,

63. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 61 and 62 or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 64. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 61 and 62, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 65. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 61 and 62, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 66. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 61 and 62, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 67. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 6, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(a) is hydrogen. 68. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from C₆₋₁₁aryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, C₃₋₁₁cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 3-15 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 5-15 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰; 69. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from phenyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 5-6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰. 70. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from phenyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰. 71. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from phenyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰ and 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰. 72. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰. 73. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is a pyridyl or pyrimidinyl ring optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰. 74. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from:

75. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —C(═O)OR^(d), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —C(O)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), where said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 76. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), where said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 77. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), where said 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 78. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), where said 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 79. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 74, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from:

80. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein p is selected from 0, 1 and 2. 81. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein p is selected from 0 and 1. 82. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein p is 0. 83. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein q is 2. 84. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(f) is selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 85. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(f) is selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 86. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(e) is independently selected from hydrogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 87. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(e) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₃ alkyl. 88. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(d) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₁ aryl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 89. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(d) is independently selected from 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 90. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(d) is independently selected from 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from halogen, COR^(a), C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. 91. A compound according to any preceding paragraph, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are hydrogen. 92. A compound, or salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, selected from

-   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   6-(Cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-[(morpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]benzamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   6-[(1-acetyl piperid     in-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; -   2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl     3-phenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate; -   2-Hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl     3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3-phenyl     pyrrolidine-1-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide; -   6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   (S)-6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido     [3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   (R)-6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido     [3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; and -   6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(3-(3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-2(1H)-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide.     93. A compound, or salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, selected from -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   6-(Cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-[(morpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]benzamide; -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; -   6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide;     and -   N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide.     94. A compound, or salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, according to     paragraph 84 selected from: -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide -   6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide -   2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide     95. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound     according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, and one or more     pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.     96. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a     pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95, for use in     therapy.     97. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a     pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95, for use in the     treatment or prevention of a PRMT5-mediated disorder.     98. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a     pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95, for use in the     treatment of a proliferative disorder.     99. A compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a     pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95, for use in the     treatment cancer.     100. Use of a compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94,     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof,     or a pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95, in the     manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a     PRMT5-mediated disorder.     101. Use of a compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94,     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof,     or a pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95, in the     manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a proliferative     disorder.     102. Use of a compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94,     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof,     or a pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95, in the     manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.     103. A method of treating or preventing a PRMT5-mediated disorder,     said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an     effective amount of a compound according to any one of paragraphs 1     to 94, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate     thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95.     104. A method of treating a proliferative disorder, said method     comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective     amount of a compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or     a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a     pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95.     105. A method of treating a cancer, said method comprising     administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a     compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a     pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95.     106. A method of inhibiting the activity of PRMT5 in vivo or in     vitro, said method comprising contacting a cell with an effective     amount of a compound according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or     a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a     pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 95.     107. A method of altering gene expression in a cell which comprises     contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound according     to any one of paragraphs 1 to 94, or a pharmaceutically acceptable     salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition     according to paragraph 95.

Though the present invention may relate to any compound or particular group of compounds defined herein by way of optional, preferred or suitable features or otherwise in terms of particular embodiments, the present invention may also relate to any compound or particular group of compounds that specifically excludes said optional, preferred or suitable features or particular embodiments.

Suitably, the present invention excludes any individual compounds not possessing the biological activity defined herein.

Salts and Solvates

The compounds (including final products and intermediates) described herein may be isolated and used per se or may be isolated in the form of a salt, suitably pharmaceutically acceptable salts. It should be understood that the terms “salt(s)” and “salt form(s)” used by themselves or in conjunction with another term or terms encompasses all inorganic and organic salts, including industrially acceptable salts, as defined herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as defined herein, unless otherwise specified. As used herein, industrially acceptable salts are salts that are generally suitable for manufacturing and/or processing (including purification) as well as for shipping and storage, but may not be salts that are typically administered for clinical or therapeutic use. Industrially acceptable salts may be prepared on a laboratory scale, i.e. multi-gram or smaller, or on a larger scale, i.e. up to and including a kilogram or more.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as used herein, are salts that are generally chemically and/or physically compatible with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or are generally physiologically compatible with the recipient thereof. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be prepared on a laboratory scale, i.e. multi-gram or smaller, or on a larger scale, i.e. up to and including a kilogram or more. It should be understood that pharmaceutically acceptable salts are not limited to salts that are typically administered or approved by the FDA or equivalent foreign regulatory body for clinical or therapeutic use in humans. A practitioner of ordinary skill will readily appreciate that some salts are both industrially acceptable as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. It should be understood that all such salts, including mixed salt forms, are within the scope of the application.

In one embodiment, the compounds of Formula I and II are isolated as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention is, for example, an acid-addition salt of a compound of the invention which is sufficiently basic, for example, an acid-addition salt with, for example, an inorganic or organic acid, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, trifluoroacetic, formic, citric or maleic acid. In addition a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention which is sufficiently acidic is an alkali metal salt, for example a sodium or potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, for example a calcium or magnesium salt, an ammonium salt or a salt with an organic base which affords a physiologically-acceptable cation, for example a salt with methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, piperidine, morpholine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine.

In general, salts of the present application can be prepared in situ during the isolation and/or purification of a compound (including intermediates), or by separately reacting the compound (or intermediate) with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base (as appropriate) and isolating the salt thus formed. The degree of ionisation in the salt may vary from completely ionised to almost non-ionised. In practice, the various salts may be precipitated (with or without the addition of one or more co-solvents and/or anti-solvents) and collected by filtration or the salts may be recovered by evaporation of solvent(s). Salts of the present application may also be formed via a “salt switch” or ion exchange/double displacement reaction, i.e. reaction in which one ion is replaced (wholly or in part) with another ion having the same charge. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the salts may be prepared and/or isolated using a single method or a combination of methods.

Representative salts include, but are not limited to, acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulphate/sulphate, borate, camsylate, citrate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, saccharate, stearate, succinate, tartrate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate and the like. Other examples of representative salts include alkali or alkaline earth metal cations such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium and amine cations including, but not limited to, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, lysine, arginine, benzathine, choline, tromethamine, diolamine, glycine, meglumine, olamine and the like.

Certain compounds of the Formula I may exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms such as, for example, hydrated forms. It is to be understood that the invention encompasses all such solvated forms that possess antiproliferative activity.

Polymorphs

It is also to be understood that certain compounds of the Formula I may exhibit polymorphism, and that the invention encompasses all such forms that possess antiproliferative activity.

N-Oxides

Compounds of the Formula I containing an amine function may also form N-oxides. A reference herein to a compound of the Formula I that contains an amine function also includes the N-oxide. Where a compound contains several amine functions, one or more than one nitrogen atom may be oxidised to form an N-oxide. Particular examples of N-oxides are the N-oxides of a tertiary amine or a nitrogen atom of a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. N-Oxides can be formed by treatment of the corresponding amine with an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide or a per-acid (e.g. a peroxycarboxylic acid), see for example Advanced Organic Chemistry, by Jerry March, 4^(th) Edition, Wiley Interscience, pages. More particularly, N-oxides can be made by the procedure of L. W. Deady (Syn. Comm. 1977, 7, 509-514) in which the amine compound is reacted with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), for example, in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane.

Tautomers

Compounds of the Formula I may exist in a number of different tautomeric forms and references to compounds of the Formula I include all such forms. For the avoidance of doubt, where a compound can exist in one of several tautomeric forms, and only one is specifically described or shown, all others are nevertheless embraced by Formula I. Examples of tautomeric forms include keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms, as in, for example, the following tautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), pyrimidone/hydroxypyrimidine, imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, and nitro/aci-nitro.

Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers”. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers”. When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or (−)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.

Certain compounds of Formula I may have one or more asymmetric centers and therefore can exist in a number of stereoisomeric configurations. Consequently, such compounds can be synthesized and/or isolated as mixtures of enantiomers and/or as individual (pure) enantiomers, and, in the case of two or more asymmetric centers, single diastereomers and/or mixtures of diastereomers. It should be understood that the present application includes all such enantiomers and diastereomers and mixtures thereof in all ratios.

Isotopes

The compounds of the present invention are described herein using structural formulas that do not specifically recite the mass numbers or the isotope ratios of the constituent atoms. As such it is intended that the present application includes compounds in which the constituent atoms are present in any ratio of isotope forms. For example, carbon atoms may be present in any ratio of ¹²C, ¹³C, and ¹⁴C; hydrogen atoms may be present in any ratio of ¹H, ²H, and ³H; etc. Preferably, the constituent atoms in the compounds of the present invention are present in their naturally occurring ratios of isotope forms.

Prodrugs and Metabolites

The compounds of Formula I may be administered in the form of a pro-drug which is broken down in the human or animal body to release a compound of the invention. A pro-drug may be used to alter the physical properties and/or the pharmacokinetic properties of a compound of the invention. A pro-drug can be formed when the compound of the invention contains a suitable group or substituent to which a property-modifying group can be attached. Examples of pro-drugs include in vivo cleavable ester derivatives that may be formed at a carboxy group or a hydroxy group in a compound of the Formula I and in-vivo cleavable amide derivatives that may be formed at a carboxy group or an amino group in a compound of the Formula I.

Accordingly, the present invention includes those compounds of the Formula I as defined hereinbefore when made available by organic synthesis and when made available within the human or animal body by way of cleavage of a pro-drug thereof. Accordingly, the present invention includes those compounds of the Formula I that are produced by organic synthetic means and also such compounds that are produced in the human or animal body by way of metabolism of a precursor compound, that is a compound of the Formula I may be a synthetically-produced compound or a metabolically-produced compound.

A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable pro-drug of a compound of the Formula I is one that is based on reasonable medical judgement as being suitable for administration to the human or animal body without undesirable pharmacological activities and without undue toxicity.

Various forms of pro-drug have been described, for example in the following documents:—

-   a) Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 42, p. 309-396, edited by K. Widder,     et al. (Academic Press, 1985); -   b) Design of Pro-drugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985); -   c) A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, edited by     Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Chapter 5 “Design and     Application of Pro-drugs”, by H. Bundgaard p. 113-191 (1991); -   d) H. Bundgaard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 8, 1-38 (1992); -   e) H. Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77, 285     (1988); -   f) N. Kakeya, et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32, 692 (1984); -   g) T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-Drugs as Novel Delivery Systems”,     A.C.S. Symposium Series, Volume 14; and -   h) E. Roche (editor), “Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design”,     Pergamon Press, 1987.

A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable pro-drug of a compound of the Formula I that possesses a carboxy group is, for example, an in vivo cleavable ester thereof. An in vivo cleavable ester of a compound of the Formula I containing a carboxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester which is cleaved in the human or animal body to produce the parent acid. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable esters for carboxy include C₁₋₆alkyl esters such as methyl, ethyl and tert-butyl, C₁₋₆alkoxymethyl esters such as methoxymethyl esters, C₁₋₆alkanoyloxymethyl esters such as pivaloyloxymethyl esters, 3-phthalidyl esters, C₃₋₈cycloalkylcarbonyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl esters such as cyclopentylcarbonyloxymethyl and 1-cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl esters, 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolenylmethyl esters such as 5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-ylmethyl esters and C₁₋₆alkoxycarbonyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl esters such as methoxycarbonyloxymethyl and 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters.

A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable pro-drug of a compound of the Formula I that possesses a hydroxy group is, for example, an in vivo cleavable ester or ether thereof. An in vivo cleavable ester or ether of a compound of the Formula I containing a hydroxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester or ether which is cleaved in the human or animal body to produce the parent hydroxy compound. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable ester forming groups for a hydroxy group include inorganic esters such as phosphate esters (including phosphoramidic cyclic esters). Further suitable pharmaceutically acceptable ester forming groups for a hydroxy group include C₁₋₁₀alkanoyl groups such as acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl groups, C₁₋₁₀alkoxycarbonyl groups such as ethoxycarbonyl, N,N—(C₁₋₆)₂carbamoyl, 2-dialkylaminoacetyl and 2-carboxyacetyl groups. Examples of ring substituents on the phenylacetyl and benzoyl groups include aminomethyl, N-alkylaminomethyl, N,N-dialkylaminomethyl, morpholinomethyl, piperazin-1-ylmethyl and 4-(C₁₋₄alkyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable ether forming groups for a hydroxy group include α-acyloxyalkyl groups such as acetoxymethyl and pivaloyloxymethyl groups.

A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable pro-drug of a compound of the Formula I that possesses a carboxy group is, for example, an in vivo cleavable amide thereof, for example an amide formed with an amine such as ammonia, a C₁₋₄alkylamine such as methylamine, a (C₁₋₄alkyl)₂amine such as dimethylamine, N-ethyl-N-methylamine or diethylamine, a C₁₋₄alkoxy-C₂₋₄alkylamine such as 2-methoxyethylamine, a phenyl-C₁₋₄alkylamine such as benzylamine and amino acids such as glycine or an ester thereof.

A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable pro-drug of a compound of the Formula I that possesses an amino group is, for example, an in vivo cleavable amide derivative thereof. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable amides from an amino group include, for example an amide formed with C₁₋₁₀alkanoyl groups such as an acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl groups. Examples of ring substituents on the phenylacetyl and benzoyl groups include aminomethyl, N-alkylaminomethyl, N,N-dialkylaminomethyl, morpholinomethyl, piperazin-1-ylmethyl and 4-(C₁₋₄alkyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl.

The in vivo effects of a compound of the Formula I may be exerted in part by one or more metabolites that are formed within the human or animal body after administration of a compound of the Formula I. As stated hereinbefore, the in vivo effects of a compound of the Formula I may also be exerted by way of metabolism of a precursor compound (a pro-drug).

Pharmaceutical Compositions

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of the invention as defined hereinbefore, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

The compositions of the invention may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels, or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository for rectal dosing).

The compositions of the invention may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art. Thus, compositions intended for oral use may contain, for example, one or more colouring, sweetening, flavouring and/or preservative agents.

An effective amount of a compound of the present invention for use in therapy is an amount sufficient to treat or prevent a proliferative condition referred to herein, slow its progression and/or reduce the symptoms associated with the condition.

The amount of active ingredient that is combined with one or more excipients to produce a single dosage form will necessarily vary depending upon the individual treated and the particular route of administration. For example, a formulation intended for oral administration to humans will generally contain, for example, from 0.5 mg to 0.5 g of active agent (more suitably from 0.5 to 100 mg, for example from 1 to 30 mg) compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of excipients which may vary from about 5 to about 98 percent by weight of the total composition.

The size of the dose for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes of a compound of the Formula I will naturally vary according to the nature and severity of the conditions, the age and sex of the animal or patient and the route of administration, according to well known principles of medicine.

It is to be noted that dosages and dosing regimens may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated, and may include the administration of single or multiple doses, i.e. QD (once daily), BID (twice daily), etc., over a particular period of time (days or hours). It is to be further understood that for any particular subject or patient, specific dosage regimens may need to be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the pharmaceutical compositions. For example, doses may be adjusted based on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters, which may include clinical effects such as toxic effects and/or laboratory values. Thus, the present application encompasses intra-patient dose-escalation as determined by the person skilled in the art. Procedures and processes for determining the appropriate dosage(s) and dosing regimen(s) are well-known in the relevant art and would readily be ascertained by the skilled artisan. As such, one of ordinary skill would readily appreciate and recognize that the dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.

In using a compound of the invention for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes it will generally be administered so that a daily dose in the range, for example, 0.1 mg/kg to 75 mg/kg body weight is received, given if required in divided doses. In general lower doses will be administered when a parenteral route is employed. Thus, for example, for intravenous or intraperitoneal administration, a dose in the range, for example, 0.1 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg body weight will generally be used. Similarly, for administration by inhalation, a dose in the range, for example, 0.05 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg body weight will be used. Oral administration may also be suitable, particularly in tablet form. Typically, unit dosage forms will contain about 0.5 mg to 0.5 g of a compound of this invention.

Therapeutic Uses and Applications

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in therapy.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in the treatment or prevention of a PRMT5-mediated disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or II as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in the treatment of a proliferative disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, for use in the treatment cancer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a PRMT5-mediated disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a proliferative disorder.

In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a PRMT5-mediated disorder, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or II as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a proliferative disorder, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or II as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating cancer, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the activity of PRMT5 in vivo or in vitro, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a combination comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein, with one or more additional therapeutic agents.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of altering gene expression in a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein.

In each of the above aspects, in one embodiment, the PRMT5 disorder is selected from a proliferative disorder, a metabolic disorder or a blood disorder. Suitably, the PRMT5 disorder is a proliferative disorder or a metabolic disorder.

Suitably the blood disorder is sickle cell disease or β-thalassemia.

Suitably the metabolic disorder is diabetes or obesity.

Suitably the proliferative disorder is cancer, an autoimmune disorder or an inflammatory disorder. Suitably, the proliferative disorder is cancer.

In each of the above aspects, in one embodiment, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, hematopoietic cancer, lymphoma, medulloblastoma, rectum adenocarcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, brain tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, oligodendroglioma, ovarian clear cell carcinoma, and ovarian serous.

Suitably, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, hematopoietic cancer, lymphoma, medulloblastoma, rectum adenocarcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and brain tumors.

Suitably, the cancer is selected from colorectal, ovarian, prostate, lung, breast, lymphoma/leukaemia, oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular and brain cancer.

Routes of Administration

The compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally or topically (i.e., at the site of desired action).

Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral (e.g., by ingestion); buccal; sublingual; transdermal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); transmucosal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); intranasal (e.g., by nasal spray); ocular (e.g., by eye drops); pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., via an aerosol, e.g., through the mouth or nose); rectal (e.g., by suppository or enema); vaginal (e.g., by pessary); parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, and intrasternal; by implant of a depot or reservoir, for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly.

Combination Therapies

The treatment defined hereinbefore may be applied as a sole therapy or may involve, in addition to the compound of the invention, conventional surgery or radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Such chemotherapy may include one or more of the following categories of anti-tumour agents:—

(i) other antiproliferative/antineoplastic drugs and combinations thereof, as used in medical oncology, such as alkylating agents (for example cis-platin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulphan, temozolamide and nitrosoureas); antimetabolites (for example gemcitabine and antifolates such as fluoropyrimidines like 5-fluorouracil and tegafur, raltitrexed, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and hydroxyurea); antitumour antibiotics (for example anthracyclines like adriamycin, bleomycin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitomycin-C, dactinomycin and mithramycin); antimitotic agents (for example vinca alkaloids like vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine and vinorelbine and taxoids like taxol and taxotere and polokinase inhibitors); and topoisomerase inhibitors (for example epipodophyllotoxins like etoposide and teniposide, amsacrine, topotecan and camptothecin); (ii) cytostatic agents such as antioestrogens (for example tamoxifen, fulvestrant, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene and iodoxyfene), antiandrogens (for example bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide and cyproterone acetate), LHRH antagonists or LHRH agonists (for example goserelin, leuprorelin and buserelin), progestogens (for example megestrol acetate), aromatase inhibitors (for example as anastrozole, letrozole, vorazole and exemestane) and inhibitors of 5α-reductase such as finasteride; (iii) anti-invasion agents [for example c-Src kinase family inhibitors like 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline (AZD0530; International Patent Application WO 01/94341), N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-{6-[4-(2-hyd roxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methylpyrimidin-4-ylamino}thiazole-5-carboxamide (dasatinib, BMS-354825; J. Med. Chem., 2004, 47, 6658-6661) and bosutinib (SKI-606), and metalloproteinase inhibitors like marimastat, inhibitors of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor function or antibodies to Heparanase]; (iv) inhibitors of growth factor function: for example such inhibitors include growth factor antibodies and growth factor receptor antibodies (for example the anti-erbB2 antibody trastuzumab [Herceptin™], the anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab, the anti-erbB1 antibody cetuximab [Erbitux, C225] and any growth factor or growth factor receptor antibodies disclosed by Stern et al. (Critical reviews in oncology/haematology, 2005, Vol. 54, pp 11-29); such inhibitors also include tyrosine kinase inhibitors, for example inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor family (for example EGFR family tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)quinazolin-4-amine (gefitinib, ZD1839), N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)quinazolin-4-amine (erlotinib, OSI-774) and 6-acrylamido-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-quinazolin-4-amine (CI 1033), erbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as lapatinib); inhibitors of the hepatocyte growth factor family; inhibitors of the insulin growth factor family; inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor family such as imatinib and/or nilotinib (AMN 107); inhibitors of serine/threonine kinases (for example Ras/Raf signalling inhibitors such as farnesyl transferase inhibitors, for example sorafenib (BAY 43-9006), tipifarnib (R115777) and lonafarnib (SCH66336)), inhibitors of cell signalling through MEK and/or AKT kinases, c-kit inhibitors, abl kinase inhibitors, PI3 kinase inhibitors, Plt3 kinase inhibitors, CSF-1R kinase inhibitors, IGF receptor (insulin-like growth factor) kinase inhibitors; aurora kinase inhibitors (for example AZD1152, PH739358, VX-680, MLN8054, R763, MP235, MP529, VX-528 AND AX39459) and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors such as CDK2 and/or CDK4 inhibitors; (v) antiangiogenic agents such as those which inhibit the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor, [for example the anti-vascular endothelial cell growth factor antibody bevacizumab (Avastin™) and for example, a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as vandetanib (ZD6474), vatalanib (PTK787), sunitinib (SU11248), axitinib (AG-013736), pazopanib (GW 786034) and 4-(4-fluoro-2-methylindol-5-yloxy)-6-methoxy-7-(3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropoxy)quinazoline (AZD2171; Example 240 within WO 00/47212), compounds such as those disclosed in International Patent Applications WO97/22596, WO 97/30035, WO 97/32856 and WO 98/13354 and compounds that work by other mechanisms (for example linomide, inhibitors of integrin αvβ3 function and angiostatin)]; (vi) vascular damaging agents such as Combretastatin A4 and compounds disclosed in International Patent Applications WO 99/02166, WO 00/40529, WO 00/41669, WO 01/92224, WO 02/04434 and WO 02/08213; (vii) an endothelin receptor antagonist, for example zibotentan (ZD4054) or atrasentan; (viii) antisense therapies, for example those which are directed to the targets listed above, such as ISIS 2503, an anti-ras antisense; (ix) gene therapy approaches, including for example approaches to replace aberrant genes such as aberrant p53 or aberrant BRCA1 or BRCA2, GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy) approaches such as those using cytosine deaminase, thymidine kinase or a bacterial nitroreductase enzyme and approaches to increase patient tolerance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy such as multi-drug resistance gene therapy; and (x) immunotherapy approaches, including for example ex-vivo and in-vivo approaches to increase the immunogenicity of patient tumour cells, such as transfection with cytokines such as interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, approaches to decrease T-cell anergy, approaches using transfected immune cells such as cytokine-transfected dendritic cells, approaches using cytokine-transfected tumour cell lines and approaches using anti-idiotypic antibodies.

In a particular embodiment, the antiproliferative treatment defined hereinbefore may involve, in addition to the compound of the invention, conventional surgery or radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

Such conjoint treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential or separate dosing of the individual components of the treatment. Such combination products employ the compounds of this invention within the dosage range described hereinbefore and the other pharmaceutically-active agent within its approved dosage range.

According to this aspect of the invention there is provided a combination for use in the treatment of a cancer (for example a cancer involving a solid tumour) comprising a compound of the invention as defined hereinbefore, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, and another anti-tumour agent.

According to this aspect of the invention there is provided a combination for use in the treatment of a proliferative condition, such as cancer (for example a cancer involving a solid tumour), comprising a compound of the invention as defined hereinbefore, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, and any one of the anti-tumour agents listed herein above.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, for use in the treatment of cancer in combination with another anti-tumour agent, optionally selected from one listed herein above.

Herein, where the term “combination” is used it is to be understood that this refers to simultaneous, separate or sequential administration. In one aspect of the invention “combination” refers to simultaneous administration. In another aspect of the invention “combination” refers to separate administration. In a further aspect of the invention “combination” refers to sequential administration. Where the administration is sequential or separate, the delay in administering the second component should not be such as to lose the beneficial effect of the combination. In one embodiment, a combination refers to a combination product.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a combination comprising a compound of formula I as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, in combination with an further therapeutic agent (optionally selected from one listed herein above.

In one embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, in combination with a therapeutic agent (optionally selected from one listed herein above), in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

Suitably, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent (optionally selected from one listed herein above).

EXAMPLES Chemistry

The following examples are provided solely to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as described herein.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared using synthetic techniques that are known in the art (as illustrated by the examples herein).

Several methods for the chemical synthesis of the compounds of the present application are described herein. These and/or other well-known methods may be modified and/or adapted in various ways in order to facilitate the synthesis of additional compounds within the scope of the present application and claims. Such alternative methods and modifications should be understood as being within the spirit and scope of this application and claims. Accordingly, it should be understood that the methods set forth in the following descriptions, schemes and examples are intended for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure.

Synthesis and Characterisation

LCMS Methods

Method-A: 0.1 FA WATER ACN pH 2.5 LC Parameters:

Instrument: UPLC AQUITY with PDA detector and QDA Column: C18, 50 * 2.1 mm, 1.6 μm Mobile Phase: (A) 0.1% Formic acid in Milli Q water (pH = 2.70) (B ) Acetonitrile: 0.1% Formic acid (90:10) Flow Rate: 0.800 ml/Min Column 35° C. Temperature: Auto sampler  5° C. Temperature: Run Time: 6 min

TIME (Minute) (%) A (%) B 0.00 90 10 0.75 90 10 2.80 10 90 4.50 00 100 4.60 00 100 4.70 90 10 6.00 90 10

Mass Parameters:

Probe: ESI capillary

Source Temperature: 120° C. Probe Temperature: 600° C. Capillary Voltage 0.8 KV (+Ve and −Ve) Cone Voltage: 10 & 30 V Mode of Ionization: +Ve and −Ve

Method-B: NH₄HCO₃ WATER MEOH pH 7.35

LC Parameters:

Instrument: Waters Alliance 2690 and 996 PDA detector with Micromass ZQ Column: C18, 50 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm Mobile Phase: 10 mM Ammonium Bicarbonate in Milli-Qwater (pH = 7.35) (B ) Methanol Flow Rate: 1.200 ml/Min Run Time: 7 min

TIME (Minute) (%) A (%) B 0.00 90 10 1.00 90 10 4.00 00 100 6.00 00 100 6.50 90 10 7.00 90 10

Mass Parameters:

Probe: ESI capillary

Source Temperature: 100° C. Desolvation Temperature: 200° C. Capillary Voltage: 3 KV (+Ve and −Ve) Cone Voltage: 10 & 30 V Extractor Voltage: 2.0 V R_(f) Lens: 0.1 Desolvation Gas Flow: 800.0 L/h Cone Gas Flow: 100.0 L/h Mode of Ionization: +Ve and −Ve Method C: 0.1 FA WATER ACN pH 2.5 LC Parameters:

Instrument: UPLC AQUITY with PDA detector and QDA Column: C18, 50 * 2.1 mm, 1.6 μm Mobile Phase: (A) 0.1% Formic acid in Milli Q water (pH = 2.70) (B Acetonitrile: 0.1% Formic acid (90:10) Flow Rate: 0.300 ml/Min Column 35° C. Temperature: Auto sampler  5° C. Temperature: Run Time: 9 min

TIME (Minute) (%) A (%) B 0.00 99 1.0 1.00 99 1.0 2.50 50 50 3.50 50 50 4.50 2.5 97.5 6.00 2.5 97.5 6.50 99 1.0 9.00 99 1.0

Mass Parameters:

Probe: ESI capillary

Source Temperature: 120° C. Probe Temperature: 600° C. Capillary Voltage 0.8 KV (+Ve and −Ve) Cone Voltage: 10 & 30 V Mode of Ionization: +Ve and −Ve

HPLC Method

Method-A COLUMN:— Waters X-Bridge C18 150*4.6 mm, 3.5 μm

MOBILE PHASE:— A) 10 mM Ammonium bicarbonate in water (HPLC) pH-7.35

-   -   B) 100% ACN         Flow Rate:— 1.00 ml/min         Gradient:— (B) 10% at 0.01 min, 10% (B) to 90% (B) in 7 min,         100% (B) from 7 min to 9 min, holding 100% (B) for 5 min and         from 14.01 min to 17 min 10% (B).

CHIRAL HPLC Methods

Method-A COLUMN:— CHIRAL PAK IB 250*4.6 mm, 5 μm

MOBILE PHASE:— A) 0.1% DEA in n-hexane

-   -   B) 100% IPA         Flow Rate:— 1.00 ml/min         Gradient:— (B) 10% at 0.01 min to 5 min, 10% (B) to 30% (B) in         10 min, holding 30% (B) for 5 min, 30% (B) to 60% (B) in 25 min,         60% (B) to 85% (B) in 30 min, holding 85% (B) for 5 min and from         35.01 min to 40 min 10% (B).

Method-B COLUMN:— CHIRAL PAK IB 250*4.6 mm, 5 μm

MOBILE PHASE:— A) 100% n-hexane

-   -   B) 100% IPA         Flow Rate:— 1.00 ml/min         Gradient:— (B) 10% at 0.01 min to 5 min, 10% (B) to 30% (B) in         10 min, holding 30% (B) for 5 min, 30% (B) to 60% (B) in 25 min,         60% (B) to 85% (B) in 30 min, holding 85% (B) for 5 min and from         35.01 min to 40 min 10% (B).

Preparations Preparation 1: Synthesis of Scaffold-A 6-(cyclobutylamino)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (Prepared according to Scheme 1)

Step a

To a stirred suspension of orotic acid (CAS Number 65-86-1, available from Alfa Aesar) (20.00 g, 128.140 mmol) in POCl₃ (75 ml) was added DMF (catalytic amount, —0.5 ml) at ambient temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. Excess of POCl₃ was removed by vacuum distillation after 3 h of reflux. The obtained slurry was poured slowly in 5% mixture of methanol in chloroform (200 ml) at 0° C.; and stirred for 30 min. The organic layer obtained was washed with saturated solution of NaHCO₃(3×200 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding methyl 2,6-dichloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate (19.00 g, 91.800 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step b

To a stirred solution of methyl 2,6-dichloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate (12.00 g, 57.970 mmol) in dichloromethane (250 ml) were added triethylamine (11.75 g, 115.940 mmol) and cyclobutylamine (CAS No. 2516-34-9; available from Combi Blocks) (6.17 g, 86.950 mmol) at 0° C.; and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (100 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding methyl 2-chloro-6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (12.00 g, 49.780 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.810 min, MS: ES+ 242.0 (M+1).

Step c

To a stirred solution of methyl 2-chloro-6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (11.65 g, 48.330 mmol) in THE (250 ml) were added triethylamine (9.80 g, 96.660 mmol) and N-methylpiperazine (CAS No. 101-09-3; available from Combi Blocks) (14.52 g, 144.910 mmol) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C.; for 3 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (100 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (2% methanol in chloroform) yielding methyl 6-(cyclobutylamino)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (10.12 g, 33.160 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.201 min, MS: ES+ 306.2 (M+1).

Step d

To a stirred solution of methyl 6-(cyclobutylamino)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (10.00 g, 32.770 mmol) in acetone:water (4:1, 250 ml) was added LiOH.H₂O (1.34 g, 36.040 mmol) at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C.; for 18 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove acetone. The aqueous layer thus obtained was diluted with water (100 mL) and washed with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). The obtained aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was triturated with diethyl ether (2×30 ml) and dried well yielding 6-(cyclobutylamino)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (9.70 g, 32.640 mmol). LCMS: Method B, 3.576 min, MS: ES+ 292.5 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 7.471 (br s, 1H), 6.336 (s, 1H), 4.363 (br s, 1H), 3.568 (br s, 4H), 2.266-2.255 (br d, 6H), 2.165 (s, 3H), 1.917-1.871 (m, 2H), 1.707-1.643 (m, 2H).

Preparation 2: Synthesis of Scaffold B 2-(cyclobutylamino)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (Prepared according to Scheme 2)

Step a

To a stirred solution of 2,6-dichloropyridine-4-carboxylic acid (CAS Number 5398-44-7, available from Ark Pharma) (20.00 g, 104.700 mmol) in methanol (400 ml) was added concentrated sulphuric acid (20 ml) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure and poured into saturated solution of NaHCO₃(100 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding methyl 2,6-dichloropyridine-4-carboxylate (21.00 g, 102.450 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step b

To a stirred solution of methyl 2,6-dichloropyridine-4-carboxylate (12.50 g, 60.980 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 ml) were added K₂CO₃ (16.84 g, 121.900 mmol) and N-methylpiperazine (CAS No. 101-09-3; available from Combi Blocks) (9.14 g, 91.220 mmol) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C.; for 18 h. The reaction mixture was passed through celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (1% methanol in chloroform) yielding methyl 2-chloro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylate (10.50 g, 39.020 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.343 min, MS: ES+ 270.1 (M+1).

Step c

To a stirred solution of methyl 2-chloro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylate (0.75 g, 2.787 mmol) in dioxane (15 ml) were added K₂CO₃ (0.75 g, 5.401 mmol), cyclobutylamine (CAS No. 2516-34-9; available from Combi Blocks) (0.24 g, 3.333 mmol) and BINAP (0.17 g, 0.267 mmol) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was purged with N₂ gas at ambient temperature for 15 min. Pd(11)(OAc)₂ (0.06 g, 0.267 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 130° C.; for 75 min in Microwave. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and poured into water (50 ml), extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (3% methanol in chloroform) yielding methyl 2-(cyclobutylamino)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylate (0.58 g, 1.914 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.533 min, MS: ES+ 305.2 (M+1).

Step d

To a stirred solution of methyl 2-(cyclobutylamino)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylate (3.28 g, 10.780 mmol) in acetone:water (4:1, 100 ml) was added LiOH.H₂O (0.50 g, 11.861 mmol) at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C.; for 18 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove acetone. The aqueous layer thus obtained was diluted with water (20 ml) and washed with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The obtained aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was triturated with diethyl ether (2×10 ml) and dried well yielding 2-(cyclobutylamino)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (3.10 g, 10.470 mmol). LCMS: Method B, 3.545 min, MS: ES+ 291.5 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 6.362 (s, 1H), 6.222 (s, 1H), 6.190-6.172 (d, 1H), 4.160-4.140 (br d, 1H), 3.356 (br s, 4H), 2.373-2.350 (t, 4H), 2.243-2.206 (m, 2H), 2.195 (s, 3H), 1.865-1.815 (m, 2H), 1.657-1.613 (m, 2H).

Preparation 3: Synthesis of Scaffold-1 6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (Prepared according to Scheme 3)

Step a

To a stirred solution of methyl 2,6-dichloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate (CAS Number 6299-85-0; available from Ark Pharm) (1.00 g, 4.831 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml) were added triethylamine (1.34 ml, 9.662 mmol) and cyclobutylamine (CAS No. 2516-34-9; available from Combi Blocks) (0.30 g, 4.221 mmol) at 0° C.; and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (100 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×25 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding methyl 2-chloro-6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (0.62 g, 2.973 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 2.011 min, MS: ES+ 242.3 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred suspension of 10% palladium on charcoal (dry basis, 0.065 g) in ethanol (5 ml) were added solution of methyl 2-chloro-6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (0.62 g, 2.971 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) and triethylamine (1.06 ml, 7.650 mmol) at room temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was hydrogenated with 40 bar pressure of H₂ gas at 80° C.; for 8 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (5×20 ml). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The above procedure was repeated until all the starting material got consumed (TLC monitoring). The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (30% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding methyl 6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (1.30 g, 6.283 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.127 min, MS: ES+ 208.30 (M+1).

Step c

To a stirred solution of 6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (1.30 g, 6.283 mmol) in acetone:water (4:1, 50 ml) was added LiOH.H₂O (0.405 g, 12.56 mmol) at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C.; for 18 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove acetone. The aqueous layer thus obtained was diluted with water (30 ml) and washed with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The obtained aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was triturated with diethyl ether (2×30 ml) and dried well yielding 6-(cyclobutylamino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (1.21 g, 6.260 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 0.561 min, MS: ES+ 194.2 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.309 (s, 1H), 7.873-7.855 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.893 (s, 1H), 4.445 (br s, 1H), 2.284-2.264 (m, 2H), 1.941-1.898 (m, 2H), 1.719-1.697 (m, 2H).

Preparation 4: Synthesis of Scaffold-8 6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl) amino) pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (Prepared according to Scheme 4)

Step a

To a stirred suspension of 4-boc aminopiperidine (CAS Number 73874-95-0, available from Combi Blocks) (5.00 g, 24.960 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) was added triethylamine (10.40 ml, 74.88 mmol) and acetyl chloride (2.11 ml, 29.950 mmol) at 0° C.; and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (100 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 ml). The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by column chromatography (30% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding tert-butyl (1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl) carbamate (6.61 g, 27.310 mmol). MS: ES+ 243.6 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred suspension of tert-butyl (1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl) carbamate (6.61 g, 27.310 mmol) in dioxane (10 ml) was added 2.5 N HCl in dioxane (20 ml) at room temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 1-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl) ethanone (2.20 g, 15.490 mmol) which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 0.624 min, MS: ES+ 143.4 (M+1).

Step c

To a stirred solution of methyl 2,6-dichloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate (CAS Number 6299-85-0; available from Ark Pharma) (2.32 g, 11.200 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) were added triethylamine (3.12 ml, 22.400 mmol) and 1-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl) ethanone (2.20 g, 15.490 mmol) at 0° C.; and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (100 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×25 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (2% methanol in dichloromethane) yielding methyl 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl) amino]-2-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate (3.49 g, 11.180 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.548 min, MS: ES+ 312.9 (M+1).

Step d

To a stirred suspension of 10% palladium on charcoal (wet basis, 0.35 g) in ethanol (15 ml) were added solution of methyl 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl) amino]-2-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylate (3.49 g, 11.18 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) and triethylamine (4.66 ml, 33.550 mmol) at room temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was hydrogenated with 40 bar pressure of H₂ gas at 80° C.; for 8 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (5×20 ml). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The above procedure was repeated until all the starting material got consumed (TLC monitoring). The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (2% methanol in dichloromethane) yielding methyl 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl) amino] pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (3.11 g, 11.180 mmol). MS: ES+ 279.5 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.513 (s, 1H), 7.848-7.830 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.100 (s, 1H), 4.236-4.204 (br d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.105 (br s, 1H), 3.841 (s, 3H), 3.801-3.768 (br d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.178-3.150 (m, 1H), 2.805-2.676 (m, 1H), 2.013 (s, 3H), 1.944-1.870 (m, 1H), 1.417-1.367 (m, 1H), 1.302-1.261 (m, 2H).

Step e

To a stirred solution of methyl 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl) amino] pyrimidine-4-carboxylate (0.06 g, 0.191 mmol) in acetone:water (4:1, 5 ml) was added LiOH.H₂O (0.02 g, 0.514 mmol) at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove acetone. The aqueous layer thus obtained was diluted with water (30 ml) and washed with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The obtained aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was triturated with diethyl ether (2×30 ml) and dried well yielding 6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid lithium salt (0.06 g, 0.191 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 2.097 min, MS: ES+ 265.39 (M+1).

Preparation 6: Synthesis of Scaffold-9 4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl) benzoic acid lithium salt (Prepared according to Scheme 5)

Step a

To a stirred suspension of morpholine (CAS Number 110-91-8, available from Spectrochem) (1.06 ml, 12.210 mmol) and mono methyl terephthalate (CAS Number 1679-64-7, available from Combi Blocks) (2.00 g, 11.100 mmol) in DMF (50 ml) was added HATU (5.48 g, 14.430 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (5.60 ml, 33.300 mmol) at 0° C.; and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured onto crushed ice and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml). The combined organic layer was brine washed and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding methyl 4-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)benzoate (2.76 g, 11.070 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.585 min, MS: ES+ 250.11 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred solution of methyl 4-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl) benzoate (2.76 g, 11.070 mmol) in acetone:water (4:1, 150 ml) was added LiOH.H₂O (1.39 g, 33.100 mmol) at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove acetone. The aqueous layer thus obtained was diluted with water (30 ml) and washed with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The obtained aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was triturated with n-pentane (2×30 ml) and dried well yielding 4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl) benzoic acid lithium salt (2.60 g, 11.060 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.189 min, MS: ES+ 236.14 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm: 8.143-8.122 (m, 2H), 7.564-7.543 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.791-3.712 (m, 4H), 3.646 (br s, 2H), 3.439 (br s, 2H).

Preparation 7: Synthesis of Scaffold-10 4-((1R,5S)-3-oxa-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-8-carbonyl) benzoic acid (Prepared according to Scheme 6)

Step a

To a stirred suspension of mono methyl terephthalate (CAS Number 1679-64-7, available from Combi Blocks) (0.7 g, 3.861 mmol) and 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane HCl (CAS Number 904316-92-3, available from Combi Blocks) (0.58 g, 3.862 mmol) in DMF (15 ml) was added HATU (1.90 g, 5.02 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (3.29 ml, 19.311 mmol) at 0° C.; and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured onto crushed ice and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml). The combined organic layer was brine washed and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding methyl 4-(3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-ylcarbonyl)benzoate (1.06 g, 3.850 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.741 min, MS: ES+ 276.1 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred solution of methyl 4-(3-oxa-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] oct-8-ylcarbonyl) benzoate (1.06 g, 3.850 mmol) in acetone:water (4:1, 15 ml) was added LiOH.H₂O (0.48 g, 11.545 mmol) at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove acetone. The aqueous layer thus obtained was diluted with water (10 ml) and washed with ethyl acetate (3×15 ml). The obtained aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was triturated with n-pentane (2×10 ml) and dried well yielding 4-((1R, 5S)-3-oxa-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-8-carbonyl) benzoic acid (1.00 g, 3.820 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.416 min, MS: ES+ 262.1 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 13.189 (br s, 1H), 8.018-7.997 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.617-7.596 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.543 (br s, 1H), 3.859 (br s, 1H), 3.620-3.591 (m, 2H), 3.527-3.502 (m, 2H), 1.915-1.881 (br s, 4H).

Preparation 8: Synthesis of Amine-1 1-amino-3-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Prepared according to Scheme 7)

Step a

To a stirred suspension of phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride (CAS Number 59-88-1, available from Avra synthesis) (10.00 g, 69.204 mmol) in ethanol (100 ml) was added 1-Boc-4-piperidone (CAS Number 79099-07-3, available from Combi blocks) (13.78 g, 69.204 mmol) at ambient temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature and filtered through Celite pad and filtrate thus obtained was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (35-38% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding tert-butyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2-carboxylate as yellow solid (2.6 g, 9.554 mmol). LCMS: Method B, 4.819 min, MS: ES+ 273.5 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred solution of tert-butyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2-carboxylate (1.00 g, 3.674 mmol) in dioxane (10 ml) were added 4 N HCl in dioxane (5 ml) under N₂ atmosphere at ambient temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was poured into saturated NaHCO₃ solution (50 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×30 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole as dark brown solid (0.90 g, 5.233 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 3.012 min, MS: ES+ 173.5 (M+1).

Step c

To a stirred solution of glycidol (CAS Number 556-52-5, available from Sigma-India) (1.67 g, 22.560 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was added triethylamine (3.90 ml, 27.070 mmol) at 0° C. for 15 min. To the above reaction mixture was added 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (CAS Number 121-51-7, available from combi-blocks) (5.00 g, 22.560 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (200 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was triturated using n-pentane yielding ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (5.00 g, 19.305 mmol).

Step d

To a stirred solution of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (0.90 g, 5.233 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0° C. was added KF (1.21 g, 20.932 mmol) and allowed to stir at same temperature for 1 h. To the above reaction mixture was added solution of ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (1.36 g, 5.233 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0° C. and allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 h. The above reaction mixture filtered to remove excess KF and filtrate collected was concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (0.80 g, 3.507 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 4.135 min, MS: ES+ 229.5 (M+1).

Step e

To a stirred solution of 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (0.80 g, 3.507 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was cooled to −78° C. and ammonia gas was purged for 1 h. (Note: Total volume of solution became double after absorption of ammonia gas). The above solution was carefully transferred into Parr hydrogenator (precooled at −78° C.) and sealed it. The hydrogenator was heated at 80° C.; for 4 h. After completion of 4 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 1-amino-3-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Amine-1) (0.85 g, 3.467 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 3.556 min, MS: ES+ 246.4 (M+1).

Preparation 10: Synthesis of Amine-2 1-amino-3-(5-methyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Prepared according to Scheme 8)

Step a

To a stirred suspension of phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride (CAS Number 59-88-1, available from Avra synthesis) (10.00 g, 69.204 mmol) in ethanol (100 ml) was added 1-Boc-4-piperidone (CAS Number 79099-07-3, available from Combi blocks) (13.78 g, 69.204 mmol) at ambient temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature and filtered through Celite pad and filtrate thus obtained was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (35-38% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding tert-butyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2-carboxylate as yellow solid (2.6 g, 9.554 mmol). LCMS: Method B, 4.819 min, MS: ES+ 273.5 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil) (0.28 g, 7.059 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) was drop wise added solution of tert-butyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2-carboxylate (1.60 g, 5.879 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) over the period of 15 min at 0° C.; under N₂ atmosphere. Methyl iodide (0.55 ml, 8.806 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture at 0° C.; and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was poured in ice cold water (50 ml) and extracted using ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The combined organic phase was brine washed, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding tert-butyl-5-methyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2-carboxylate as pale yellow solid (1.50 g, 5.242 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 2.605 min, MS: ES+ 231.1 (M-56).

Step c

To a stirred solution of tert-butyl-5-methyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2-carboxylate (1.50 g, 5.242 mmol) in dioxane (15 ml) were added 4 N HCl in dioxane (15 ml) under N₂ atmosphere at ambient temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was poured into saturated NaHCO₃ solution (100 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 5-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole as dark brown solid (1.10 g, 5.910 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 2.606 min, MS: ES+ 187.1 (M+1).

Step d

To a stirred solution of glycidol (CAS Number 556-52-5, available from Sigma-India) (1.67 g, 22.560 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was added triethylamine (3.90 ml, 27.070 mmol) at 0° C. for 15 min. To the above reaction mixture was added 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (CAS Number 121-51-7, available from combi-blocks) (5.00 g, 22.560 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (200 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was triturated using n-pentane yielding ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (5.00 g, 19.305 mmol).

Step e

To a stirred solution of 5-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (1.10 g, 5.910 mmol) in THE (10 ml) at 0° C. was added KF (1.37 g, 23.641 mmol) and allowed to stir at same temperature for 1 h. To the above reaction mixture was added solution of ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (1.53 g, 5.910 mmol) in THE (10 ml) at 0° C. and allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 h. The above reaction mixture filtered to remove excess KF and filtrate collected was concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 5-methyl-2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (1.00 g, 4.130 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 4.409 min, MS: ES+ 243.4 (M+1).

Step f

To a stirred solution of 5-methyl-2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (1.00 g, 4.130 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was cooled to −78° C. and ammonia gas was purged for 1 h. (Note: Total volume of solution became double after absorption of ammonia gas). The above solution was carefully transferred into Parr hydrogenator (precooled at −78° C.) and sealed it. The hydrogenator was heated at 80° C.; for 4 h. After completion of 4 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 1-amino-3-(5-methyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Amine-2) (1.20 g, 4.630 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 3.945 min, MS: ES+ 260.5 (M+1).

Preparation 10: Synthesis of Amine-3 1-amino-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carbolin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Prepared according to Scheme 9)

Step a

To a refluxing suspension of tryptamine (CAS number 61-54-1, available from Combi blocks) (1.00 g, 6.240 mmol) in 5% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (100 ml) was added solution of aqueous formaldehyde (37% w/v, 0.50 ml, 6.240 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 ml) drop wise over a period of 30 min and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to reflux for 24 h. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure and poured into saturated solution of NaHCO₃(50 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×25 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (1.00 g, 5.811 mmol) which was used further synthesis without further purification. LCMS: Method B: 3.681 min. MS: ES 173.5 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred solution of glycidol (CAS Number 556-52-5, available from Sigma-India) (1.67 g, 22.560 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was added triethylamine (3.90 ml, 27.070 mmol) at 0° C. for 15 min. To the above reaction mixture was added 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (CAS Number 121-51-7, available from Combi blocks) (5.00 g, 22.560 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (200 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was triturated using n-pentane yielding ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (5.00 g, 19.305 mmol).

Step c

To a stirred solution of 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (1.00 g, 5.811 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0° C. was added KF (1.35 g, 23.244 mmol) and allowed to stir at same temperature for 1 h. To the above reaction mixture was added solution of ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (1.51 g, 5.811 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0° C. and allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 h. The above reaction mixture filtered to remove excess KF and filtrate collected was concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (0.87 g, 8.814 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 1.232 min, MS: ES+ 229.2 (M+1).

Step d

To a stirred solution of 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (0.87 g, 8.814 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was cooled to −78° C. and ammonia gas was purged for 1 h. (Note: Total volume of solution became double after absorption of ammonia gas). The above solution was carefully transferred into Parr hydrogenator (precooled at −78° C.) and sealed it. The hydrogenator was heated at 80° C.; for 4 h. After completion of 4 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 1-amino-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carbolin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Amine-3) (0.69 g, 2.814 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 3.921 min, MS: ES+ 246.5 (M+1).

Preparation 11: Synthesis of Amine-4 1-amino-3-(9-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β carbolin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Prepared according to Scheme 10)

Step a

To a refluxing suspension of tryptamine (CAS number 61-54-1, available from Combi blocks) (1.00 g, 6.240 mmol) in 5% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (100 ml) was added solution of aqueous formaldehyde (37% w/v, 0.50 ml, 6.240 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 ml) drop wise over a period of 30 min and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to reflux for 24 h. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure and poured into saturated solution of NaHCO₃(50 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×25 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (1.00 g, 5.811 mmol), which was used further synthesis without further purification. LCMS: Method B: 3.681 min. MS: ES 173.5 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred solution of 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (2.3 g, 13.364 mmol) and triethylamine (2.80 ml, 20.046 mmol) in dichloromethane (45 ml) was added boc anhydride (3.50 g, 16.037 mmol) at 0° C.; under N₂ atmosphere and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (50 ml) and washed with water (2×20 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude tert-butyl 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carboline-2-carboxylate (2.50 g, 9.186 mmol), which was used further synthesis without further purification. LCMS: Method B: 2.422 min. MS: ES 217.3 (M-56).

Step c

To a stirred suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil) (0.55 g, 13.779 mmol) in DMF (8 ml) was drop wise added solution of tert-butyl 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carboline-2-carboxylate (2.50 g, 9.186 mmol) in DMF (22 ml) over the period of 15 min at 0° C.; under N₂ atmosphere. Methyl iodide (0.69 ml, 11.023 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture at 0° C.; and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was poured in ice cold water (50 ml) and extracted using ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The combined organic phase was brine washed, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (22% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding tert-butyl 9-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carboline-2-carboxylate (1.40 g, 4.892 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 2.636 min, MS: ES+ 231.1 (M-56).

Step d

To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 9-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carboline-2-carboxylate (1.40 g, 4.892 mmol) in dioxane (15 ml) were added 4 N HCl in dioxane (15 ml) under N₂ atmosphere at ambient temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was poured into saturated NaHCO₃ solution (100 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 9-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline as brown solid (1.10 g, 5.910 mmol), which was used further synthesis without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 3.957 min, MS: ES+ 187.5 (M+1).

Step e

To a stirred solution of glycidol (CAS Number 556-52-5, available from Sigma-India) (1.67 g, 22.560 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was added triethylamine (3.90 ml, 27.070 mmol) at 0° C. for 15 min. To the above reaction mixture was added 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (CAS Number 121-51-7, available from Combi blocks) (5.00 g, 22.560 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was poured into water (200 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was triturated using n-pentane yielding ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (5.00 g, 19.305 mmol).

Step f

To a stirred solution of 9-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (1.10 g, 5.910 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0° C. was added KF (1.37 g, 23.640 mmol) and allowed to stir at same temperature for 1 h. To the above reaction mixture was added solution of ethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (1.53 g, 5.910 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0° C. and allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 h. The above reaction mixture filtered to remove excess KF and filtrate collected was concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 9-methyl-2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (1.30 g, 5.369 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 4.492 min, MS: ES+ 243.5 (M+1).

Step g

To a stirred solution of 9-methyl-2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (1.30 g, 5.369 mmol) in ethanol (25 ml) was cooled to −78° C. and ammonia gas was purged for 1 h. (Note: Total volume of solution became double after absorption of ammonia gas). The above solution was carefully transferred into Parr hydrogenator (precooled at −78° C.) and sealed it. The hydrogenator was heated at 80° C.; for 4 h. After completion of 4 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding crude 1-amino-3-(9-methyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carbolin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Amine-4) (1.10 g, 4.244 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: Method B, 4.122 min, MS: ES+ 260.5 (M+1).

Preparation 12: Synthesis of Amine-5 1-amino-3-(3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-2(1H)-yl)propan-2-ol

Step a

To a suspension of sodium hydride (CAS no. 7646-69-7, available from Spectrochem; as 60% dispersion in mineral oil) (0.38 g, 1.585 mmol) in DMF (8.2 ml) was added ethyl 1H-indole-2-carboxylate (CAS no. 3770-50-1, available from Avra synthesis) (2.0 g, 10.57 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min under nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of bromoacetonitrile (CAS No. 590-17-0, available from TCl chemicals) (2.53 g, 21.14 mmol) in DMF (3 ml) was added drop wise into the reaction mixture at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 65° C. for 30 min; followed by stirring at room temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with cold water (200 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 ml). The combined organic layer was brine washed, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (6.0% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding ethyl 1-(cyanomethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (1.87 g, 8.199 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 2.742 min, MS: ES+ 229.1 (M+1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 7.755-7.734 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.512-7.428 (m, 3H), 7.301-7.261 (m, 1H), 5.642 (s, 2H), 4.471-4.417 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.474-1.439 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Step b

To a solution of ethyl 1-(cyanomethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (1.5 g, 6.578 mmol) in ethanol (100 ml) was added Raney Nickel (0.15 g, CAS Number 7440-02-0, available from Evonic catalyst) in hydrogenator and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred under hydrogen gas pressure (30 psi) at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material, thus isolated, was purified by flash chromatography (70% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding 3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one (0.387 g, 2.08 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.971 min, MS: ES+ 187.1 (M+1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.161 (br s, 1H), 7.689-7.669 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.558-7.537 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.323-7.285 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.131-7.095 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.0379 (s, 1H), 4.291-4.261 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.665-3.629 (m, 2H).

Step c

To a solution of 3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one (0.36 g, 1.935 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added 2 M lithium aluminium hydride in THF (CAS No. 16853-85-3, available from symax laboratories) (1.93 ml, 3.870 mmol) drop wise at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 ml) and water (50 ml); filtered through Celite and washed with ethyl acetate (3×25 ml). The filtrate was partitioned and washed with saturated ammonium chloride solution. The combined organic layer was brine washed, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole (0.44 g, 2.557 mmol); which was used directly in the next step without further purification. LCMS: UPLC Method A, 2.167 min, MS: ES+ 173.1 (M+1).

Step d

To a solution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole (0.44 g, 2.557 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added potassium fluoride (CAS No. 7789-23-3, available from Spectrochem) (0.66 g, 11.43 mmol) at 0° C. temperature under nitrogen atmosphere and allowed to stir for 1 h. A solution of oxiran-2-ylmethyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (0.74 g, 2.858 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added to the above reaction mixture at 0° C.; under nitrogen atmosphere and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with ethyl acetate (3×20 ml). The filtrate collected was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole (1.10 g, 4.822 mmol); which was used directly in the next step without further purification. LCMS: UPLC Method B, 1.407 min, MS: ES+ 229.1 (M+1).

Step-e

To a stirred solution 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole (1.10 g, 7.936 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was purged ammonia gas at −78° C. for 1 h. The above solution was carefully transferred into hydrogenator (precooled at −78° C.) and sealed it. The resulting reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography (35% acetonitrile in water) yielding 1-amino-3-(3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-2(1H)-yl)propan-2-ol (0.08 g, 0.326 mmol). LCMS: UPLC Method A, 2.168 min, MS: ES+ 246.1 (M+1).

Example 1 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

Step-a

To a previously stirred solution of scaffold-A (0.10 g, 0.336 mmol) and 1-amino-3-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)propan-2-ol (Amine-1_crude) (0.35 g, 1.428 mmol) were added diisopropylethylamine (0.17 ml, 1.008 mmol) and HATU (0.22 g, 0.672 mmol) at 0° C.; under N₂ atmosphere and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C.; for 1 h under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction mixture was poured in ice cold water (50 ml) and extracted using ethyl acetate (4×25 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by preparative HPLC yielding 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methyl piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide (Title compound) (0.012 g, 0.022 mmol). LCMS: Method A, 1.440 min, MS: ES+ 541.5 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.757 (s, 1H), 8.404 (br s, 1H), 7.640-7.595 (m, 1H), 7.305-7.245 (m, 2H), 7.010-6.972 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.932-6.895 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.357 (s, 1H), 4.942 (br s, 1H), 4.381 (br s, 1H), 3.900 (br s, 1H), 3.729 (br s, 2H), 3.668-3.648 (m, 4H), 3.485-3.453 (m, 1H), 3.254-3.220 (m, 2H), 2.879-2.807 (m, 1H), 2.779 (br s, 2H), 2.576-2.561 (d, 2H), 2.332 (s, 2H), 2.275 (br s, 4H), 2.175 (s, 3H), 1.909-1.890 (m, 2H), 1.701-1.680 (m, 2H).

Using the route depicted above in Scheme 11, the following compounds were also prepared by using different scaffolds (scaffold A, B, 1, 8, 9 and 10) and different amines (Amine-1 to Amine-4):

Example 2 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold B.

LCMS: Method A, 1.415 min, MS: ES+ 518.5 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm: 7.364-7.365 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.300-7.280 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.071-7.035 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.995-6.959 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.248 (s, 1H), 6.065 (s, 1H), 4.273-4.194 (quint, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.175-4.116 (quint, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.893-3.808 (m, 2H), 3.499-3.486 (m, 6H), 3.071-2.958 (m, 2H), 2.915-2.887 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.853-2.742 (m, 3H), 2.503-2.479 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 4H), 2.361-2.343 (m, 2H), 2.329 (s, 3H), 1.922-1.826 (m, 2H), 1.791-1.728 (m, 2H)

Example 3 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 1.

LCMS: Method A, 1.586 min, MS: ES+ 221.2 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.760 (s, 1H), 8.735 (br s, 1H), 8.346 (s, 1H), 8.064-8.048 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.307-7.254 (m, 2H), 7.019-6.973 (m, 2H), 6.932-6.896 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.993-4.982 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.449-4.430 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.923-3.913 (br s, 1H), 3.649 (br s, 1H), 3.347-3.444 (m, 1H), 3.326-3.276 (m, 1H), 2.887-2.850 (m, 3H), 2.609-2.594 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.335-2.286 (m, 2H), 2.082 (s, 2H), 1.910 (br s, 2H), 1.702 (br s, 2H).

Example 4 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 8.

LCMS: Method A, 1.393 min, MS: ES+ 492.1 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.780 (s, 1H), 8.748 (s, 1H), 80373 (s, 1H), 7.795 (br s, 1H), 7.310-7.259 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.078-6.918 (m, 3H), 5.035 (br s, 1H), 4.232 (br s, 1H), 4.091 (br s, 1H), 3.935 (br s, 1H), 3.796-3.765 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.688 (s, 2H), 3.442 (br s, 1H), 3.206-3.177 (m, 1H), 2.895-2.826 (m, 6H), 2.630 (s, 3H), 2.081 (s, 1H), 2.011-1.899 (m, 5H).

Example 5 N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 10.

LCMS: Method A, 1.519 min, MS: ES+ 488.3 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.800 (s, 1H), 8.695-8.669 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.866-7.846 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.481-7.461 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.327-7.267 (m, 2H), 7.027-6.909 (m, 2H), 4.916 (br s, 1H), 4.530 (br s, 1H), 3.990 (br s, 1H), 3.800-3.391 (m, 9H), 3.342-3.320 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.925-2.876 (m, 2H), 2.818 (br s, 2H), 1.869 (m, 5H).

Example 6 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing Amine-1 with Amine-2.

LCMS: Method B, 4.875 min, MS: ES+ 533.5 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.315-8.285 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.412-7.392 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.298 (s, 1H), 7.207-7.169 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.110-7.073 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.498 (s, 1H), 5.117 (br s, 1H), 4.070-4.061 (m, 1H), 3.942-3.908 (m, 1H), 3.805 (br s, 4H), 3.747-3.646 (m, 3H), 3.648 (s, 3H), 3.476-3.426 (m, 1H) 3.138-3.084 (m, 1H), 2.944-2.898 (m, 1H), 2.886-2.861 (d, 2H), 2.766-2.726 (dd, J=3.6 Hz, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.691-2.633 (m, 1H), 2.463-451 (br s, 6H), 2.440 (s, 3H), 1.961-1.869 (m, 2H), 1.841-1.735 (m, 2H).

Example 7 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold B and Amine-1 with Amine-2.

LCMS: Method B, 4.793 min, MS: ES+ 532.6 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.329-8.317 (m, 1H), 7.374-7.353 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.343-7.324 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.087-7.050 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.983-6.945 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.564-6.546 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.238 (s, 1H), 6.084 (s, 1H), 4.834-4.824 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.203-4.166 (m, 1H), 3.921 (br s, 1H), 3.662 (s, 2H), 3.610 (s, 3H), 3.403-3.372 (m, 5H), 3.193-3.164 (m, 1H), 2.909-2.845 (m, 2H), 2.801-2.790 (d, 2H), 2.594-2.563 (m, 2H), 2.342 (br s, 4H), 2.252-2.231 (m, 2H), 2.195 (s, 3H), 1.867-1.820 (m, 2H), 1.654-1.641 (m, 2H)

Example 8 N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 10 and Amine-1 with Amine-2.

LCMS: Method A, 1.618 min, MS: ES+ 502.0 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.654 (br s, 1H), 7.939-7.843 (m, 2H) 7.541-7.458 (m, 2H), 7.095-7.057 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.987-6.949 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.893 (br s, 1H), 4.529 (br s, 1H), 3.971 (br s, 1H), 3.810 (br s, 1H), 3.706 (m, 3H), 3.649-3.565 (m, 4H), 3.504-3.439 (m, 3H), 3.344-3.277 (m, 3H), 2.911 (br s, 2H), 2.806 (br s, 2H), 2.666-2.648 (m, 2H), 1.864 (br s, 4H)

Example 9 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing Amine-1 with Amine-3.

LCMS: Method A, 1.459 min, MS: ES+ 519.4 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.310-8.279 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.817 (s, 1H), 7.503-7.484 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.341-7.322 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.187-7.079 (m, 2H), 6.484 (s, 1H), 5.040 (br s, 1H), 4.060-4.012 (m, 1H), 3.890-3.675 (m, 7H), 3.481-3.415 (m, 1H), 3.099-3.058 (m, 1H), 2.903-2.892 (m, 3H), 2.760-2.719 (dd, J=4.0 Hz, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.636-2.579 (dd, J=10.0 Hz, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.513-2.411 (m, 5H), 2.355 (s, 3H), 1.939-1.869 (m, 3H), 1.848-1.740 (m, 3H).

Example 10 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold B and Amine-1 with Amine-3.

LCMS: Method A, 1.407 min, MS: ES+ 518.6 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.711 (s, 1H), 8.337-8.310 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.363-7.344 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.276-7.256 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.020-6.985 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.951-6.914 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.536-6.518 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.247 (s, 1H), 6.084 (s, 1H), 4.863-4.852 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.206-4.148 (m, 1H), 3.902-3.890 (d, 1H), 3.744-3.649 (m, 2H), 3.412 (br s, 4H), 3.201-3.136 (m, 1H), 2.826-2.817 (d, 2H), 2.679 (s, 2H), 2.622-2.545 (m, 3H), 2.349 (br s, 4H), 2.237-2.228 (d, 2H), 2.197 (s, 3H), 1.861-1.793 (m, 2H), 1.684-1.629 (m, 2H).

Example 11 6-(Cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 1 and Amine-1 with Amine-3.

LCMS: Method B, 4.556 min, MS: ES+ 421.7 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.714 (br s, 1H), 8.327 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.066 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.405-7.327 (m, 1H), 7.277 (d J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.107-6.870 (m, 4H), 5.018 (br s, 1H), 4.467-4.432 (m, 1H), 3.907-3.881 (m, 1H), 3.691 (br s, 2H), 3.500-3.441 (m, 1H), 3.324-3.260 (m, 1H), 2.844 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 2H), 2.702 (br s, 2H), 2.677-2.547 (m, 2H), 2.339-2.330 (m, 2H), 1.927-1.884 (m, 2H), 1.721-1.702 (m, 2H).

Example 12 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 8 and Amine-1 with Amine-3.

LCMS: Method B, 4.704 min, MS: ES+ 492.1 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.700 (s, 1H), 8.726 (br s, 1H), 8.334 (s, 1H), 7.801-7.783 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.373-7.354 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.277-7.257 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.075 (s, 1H), 7.024-6.989 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.957-6.923 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.014 (br s, 1H), 4.238-4.206 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.076 (br s, 1H), 3.893 (br s, 1H), 3.800-3.766 (m, 1H), 3.690 (br s, 2H), 3.486-3.420 (m, 1H), 3.343-3.289 (m, 1H), 3.206-3.148 (t, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 2.896-2.677 (m, 5H), 2.604-2.592 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.012 (s, 3H), 1.915-1.822 (m, 2H), 1.385-1.355 (m, 1H), 1.240 (m, 1H).

Example 13 N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-[(morpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]benzamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 9 and Amine-1 with Amine-3.

LCMS: Method A, 1.478 min, MS: ES+ 463.2 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.920 (s, 1H), 8.735-8.707 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.143 (s, 1H), 7.912-7.892 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.460-7.417 (m, 2H), 7.343-7.323 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.095-7.058 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.013-6.977 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.119 (br s, 2H), 3.635-3.547 (m, 6H), 3.445-3.290 (m, 5H), 2.895-2.874 (m, 3H), 2.607-2.499 (m, 2H), 2.082 (br s, 1H), 1.240 (br s, 1H).

Example 14 N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 10 and Amine-1 with Amine-3.

LCMS: Method A, 1.593 min, MS: ES+ 489.1 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.725 (s, 1H), 8.709-8.683 (m, 1H), 7.867-7.846 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.455-7.434 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.370-7.351 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.280-7.260 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.028-6.993 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.958-6.923 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.937 (br s, 1H), 4.524 (br s, 1H), 3.947 (br s, 1H), 3.798-3.728 (m, 1H), 3.707-3.653 (m, 3H), 3.544-3.428 (m, 3H), 3.341-3.276 (m, 1H), 2.854-2.813 (m, 2H), 2.694-2.682 (m, 2H), 2.650-2.609 (m, 2H), 2.578-2.547 (m, 1H), 1.859 (br s, 4H).

Example 15 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing Amine-1 with Amine-4.

LCMS: Method A, 1.453 min, MS: ES+ 533.5 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.419 (br s, 1H), 7.627 (s, 1H), 7.392-7.353 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.091-7.054 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.993-6.956 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.365 (s, 1H), 4.977-4.967 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.380 (br s, 1H), 3.934-3.925 (m, 1H), 3.733 (s, 2H), 3.699 (br s, 4H), 3.580 (s, 3H), 3.496-3.463 (m, 1H), 3.274-3.225 (m, 1H), 2840-2.769 (m, 2H), 2.684 (br s, 2H), 2.605-2.590 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.283 (m, 6H), 2.176 (s, 3H), 1.891-1.873 (m, 2H), 1.704-1.681 (m, 2H)

Example 16 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold B and Amine-1 with Amine-4.

LCMS: Method B, 4.854 min, MS: ES+ 532.6 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.343-8.316 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.394-7.360 (m, 2H), 7.094-7.056 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.995-6.958 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.561-6.543 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.253 (s, 1H), 6.094 (s, 1H), 4.879-4.868 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.208-4.150 (m, 1H), 3.943-3.931 (m, 1H), 3.744 (s, 2H), 3.588 (s, 3H), 3.413 (m, 5H), 3.212-3.148 (m, 1H), 2.861-2.766 (m, 2H), 2.689 (br s, 2H), 2.655-2.554 (m, 2H), 2.357-2.346 (m, 4H), 2.248-2.229 (m, 2H), 2.195 (s, 3H), 1.882-1.791 (m, 2H), 1.684-1.628 (m, 2H)

Example 17 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 1 and Amine-1 with Amine-4.

LCMS: Method B, 4.713 min, MS: ES+ 435.1 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.687 (br s, 1H), 8.320 (s, 1H), 8.064-8.047 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.403-7.358 (m, 2H), 7.097-7.061 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.027 (br s, 1H), 7.002-6.965 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.019-5.008 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.450-4.406 (m, 1H), 3.958-3.946 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.742 (br s, 1H), 3.700-3.674 (m, 1H), 3.595-3.582 (m, 3H), 3.514-3.452 (m, 2H), 2.883-2.762 (m, 3H), 2.712-2.681 (m, 1H), 2.636-2.621 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.334-2.270 (m, 2H), 1.910 (m, 2H), 1.705-1.646 (m, 2H).

Example 18 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 8 and Amine-1 with Amine-4.

LCMS: Method A, 1.522 min, MS: ES+ 506.2 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 9.010 (br s, 1H), 8.581 (br s, 1H),7.506-7.456 (m, 2H), 7.238-7.171 (m, 1H), 7.112-7.050 (m, 1H), 4.814-4.781 (d, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.615-4.170 (m, 9H), 3.828-3.803 (m, 1H), 3.666-3.655 (m, 3H), 3.418 (m, 3H), 3.277-3.004 (m, 3H), 2.081-2.020 (m, 3H), 1.908-1.858 (m, 1H), 1.446-1.238 (m, 2H).

Example 19 N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 10 and Amine-1 with Amine-4.

LCMS: Method A, 1.609 min, MS: ES+ 503.16 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.669-(t, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.882 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.479 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.400 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.103-7.062 (dt, J=1.2 Hz, 6 Hz, 1H), 7.003-6.963 (m, 1H), 4.906 (s, 1H), 4.526 (br s, 1H), 4.024-3.981 (m, 1H), 3.967-3.722 (m, 3H), 3.759-3.656 (m, 3H), 3.652-3.582 (m, 4H), 3.501-3.468 (m, 2H) 3.345-3.264 (m, 1H), 2.885-2.797 (m, 3H), 2.701-2.608 (m, 3H), 1.914 (br s, 4H).

Example 20 2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl 3-phenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

Step a

To a stirred solution of 3-phenyl pyrrolidine (CAS No. 936-44-7; available from Combi Blocks) (0.25 g, 0.619 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.38 ml, 2.000 mmol) and allowed to stir at 0° C. for 15 min, followed by addition of 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (CAS No. 7693-46-1; available from Spectrochem) (0.40 g, 2.000 mmol) and allowed to stir at 0° C. for 1 h. After completion of reaction, reaction mixture was poured into water (25 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (4.5% ethyl acetate in hexane) yielding 4-nitrophenyl 3-phenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (0.40 g, 1.280 mmol). LCMS: Method B, 3.419 min, MS: ES+ 207.1 (M+1).

Step b

To a stirred suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil) (0.032 g, 0.777 mmol) in THF (2 ml) at 0° C. was added glycidol (0.058 g, 0.777 mmol) at 0° C. temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 15 min. Solution of 4-nitrophenyl 3-phenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (0.25 g, 0.932 mmol) in THF (3 ml) was added drop wise to above reaction mixture at 0° C.; temperature and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. To this reaction mixture was added 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (0.31 g, 2.33 mmol) at room temperature and resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C.; for 2 h. Reaction mixture was poured into water (25 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography (80% acetonitrile in water) yielding 2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl 3-phenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate.

LCMS: Method B, Retention Time=4.819 min, MS: ES+ 420.1 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.715-10.700 (m, 1H), 7.359-7.236 (m, 7H), 7.003-6.935 (m, 2H), 4.904-4.890 (m, 1H), 4.108 (br s, 1H), 3.936-3.905 (m, 2H), 3.834-3.684 (m, 1H), 3.731-3.684 (m, 3H), 3.568-3.175 (m, 6H), 2.814-2.735 (m, 2H), 2.600-2.458 (m, 2H), 2.199 (br s, 1H), 2.083 (br s, 1H).

Example 21 2-Hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 20, but replacing 3-phenyl pyrolidine with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline.

LCMS: Method A, 2.229 min, MS: ES+ 406.3 (M+1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.701 (s, 1H), 7.363-7.344 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.280-7.261 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.172 (br s, 4H), 7.024-6.989 (m, 1H), 6.956-6.919 (m, 1H), 4.963 (br s, 1H), 4.613-4.532 (m, 2H), 4.174-4.124 (m, 1H), 3.979-3.945 (m, 2H), 3.704-3.650 (m, 4H), 2.813-2.753 (m, 4H), 2.677-2.548 (m, 4H).

Example 22 N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 20 step a, but replacing 3-phenyl pyrolidine with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, followed by treatment with Amine-1.

LCMS: Method A, 1.844 min, MS: ES+ 405.1 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.725 (s, 1H), 7.379-7.360 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.286-7.266 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.129-6.887 (m, 6H), 6.790-6.778 (m, 1H), 4.905 (br s, 1H), 4.405 (s, 2H), 3.830-3.679 (m, 3H), 3.503-3.475 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.247-3.105 (m, 2H), 2.825 (br s, 2H), 2.694-2.665 (m, 4H), 2.548 (br s, 2H).

Example 23 N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3-phenyl pyrrolidine-1-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 20 step a, followed by treatment with Amine-1.

LCMS: Method A, 1.934 min, MS: ES+ 419.2 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.718 (s, 1H), 7.362-7.195 (m, 7H), 7.024-6.984 (m, 1H), 6.955-6.915 (m, 1H), 6.247-6.225 (m, 1H), 4.936-4.925 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.807-3.622 (m, 4H), 3.461-3.417 (m, 1H), 3.327-3.039 (m, 5H), 2.854-2.779 (m, 2H), 2.696-2.683 (m, 2H), 2.618-2.536 (m, 2H), 2.157-2.120 (m, 1H), 1.899-1.849 (m, 1H).

Example 24 N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 20 step a, but replacing 3-phenyl pyrolidine with 3-phenyl piperidine, followed by treatment with Amine-1.

LCMS: Method B, 2.016 min, MS: ES+ 433.3 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.733 (s, 1H), 7.359-7.313 (m, 3H), 7.278-7.258 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.225-7.189 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.137-7.101 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.022-6.987 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.954-6.918 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.740 (br s, 1H), 5.288 (br s, 1H), 3.858-3.795 (m, 3H), 3.738-3.596 (m, 4H), 3.184-3.122 (m, 2H), 2.794-2.781 (m, 2H), 2.677-2.652 (m, 2H), 2.608-2.577 (m, 2H), 2.217-2.155 (m, 1H), 1.700-1.678 (m, 1H), 1.493-1.150 (m, 3H).

Example 25 6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 8 and Amine-1 with 3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propan-1-amine

LCMS: Method A, 1.546 min, MS: ES+ 476.1 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.916 (br s, 1H), 8.517 (br s, 1H), 7.768 (br s, 1H), 7.518-7.499 (m, 1H), 7.333-7268 (m, 2H), 7.180-7.103 (m, 3H), 5.063 (br s, 1H), 4.596-4.59 (m, 1H), 3.858-3.822 (m, 1H), 3.752 (br s, 2H), 3.628-3.521 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.271-3.200 (m, 1H), 2.922-2.854 (m, 5H), 2.807-2.775 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.136 (s, 3H), 2.118-2.035 (m, 2H), 1.969-1.904 (quin, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.461-1.360 (m, 2H).

Example 26 (S)-6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido [3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 8 and Amine-1 with (S)-1-amino-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propan-2-ol, generated following the same method as used for the synthesis of Amine-1 but replacing glycidol in step-d with (R)-glycidol

LCMS: Method A, 1.519 min, MS: ES+ 492.1 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.514 (s, 1H), 8.484-8.453 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.059 (br s, 1H), 7.493-7.474 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.337-7.303 (m, 2H), 7.170-7.095 (m, 3H), 5.536 (br s, 1H), 4.597-4.563 (m, 1H), 4.110-4.076 (m, 1H), 3.934-3.674 (m, 4H), 3.505-3.440 (m, 1H), 3.282-3.213 (m, 1H), 3.111-3.055 (m, 1H), 2.935-2.897 (m, 2H), 2.884-2.785 (m, 2H), 2.762-2.754 (m, 1H), 2.675-2.619 (m, 1H), 2.156-2.050 (m, 5H), 1.474-1.448 (m, 2H).

Example 27 (R)-6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido [3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 8 and Amine-1 with (R)-1-amino-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propan-2-ol, generated following the same method as used for the synthesis of Amine-1 but replacing glycidol in step-d with (S)-glycidol

LCMS: Method A, 2.182 min, MS: ES+ 492.3 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.528 (br s, 1H), 8.472-8.443 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.924 (br s, 1H), 7.502-7.482 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.341-7.265 (m, 2H), 7.186-7.100 (m, 3H), 5.374-5.354 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.613-4.579 (m, 1H), 4.084-4.060 (m, 1H), 3.920-3.815 (m, 2H), 3.758-3.703 (m, 2H), 3.509-3.444 (m, 1H), 3.283-3.225 (m, 1H), 3.108-3.053 (m, 1H), 2.933-2.808 (m, 4H), 2.786-2.746 (m, 1H), 2.658-2.601 (m, 1H), 2.143-2.069 (m, 5H), 1.507-1.410 (m, 2H).

Example 28 6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(3-(3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-2(1H)-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesised following similar synthetic procedure as mentioned for Example 1, but replacing scaffold A with scaffold 8 and Amine-1 with Amine-5

LCMS: Method B, 1.497 min, MS: ES+ 492.3 (M+1); ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.774 (s, 1H), 8.235 (s, 1H), 7.786-7.767 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.476-7.457 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.377-7.356 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.104-6.996 (m, 3H), 6.157 (s, 1H), 5.079-5.067 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.235-4.202 (m, 1H), 4.098-4.070 (m, 3H), 3.940-3.764 (m, 4H), 3.457.3.303 (m, 2H), 3.204-.3.148 (m, 1H), 3.068-2.972 (m, 2H), 2.815-2.760 (m, 1H), 2.599-2.532 (m, 2H), 2.012 (s, 3H), 1.917-1.850 (m, 2H), 1.378-1.354 (m, 2H).

Biology

A PRMT5 chemiluminescent assay was used to measure the 1050 activity of PRMT5. Biotinylated histone peptides were synthesized and attached to 384-well plates. Compound serial dilutions were performed and added to the assay plate. Histone H₄ monomethyl R³ antibody was obtained from Abcam. A master mix for each well was prepared and human PRMT5/MEP50 (expressed in HEK293 cells) diluted in assay buffer to a concentration of 5 ng/μL. The reaction was incubated and slowly rotated for 60 minutes at the point of PRMT5/MEP50 addition. The supernatant from the wells was removed and blocking buffer was added to each well and rotated for 10 minutes. The primary antibody was diluted and added to every well for 60 minutes, before it was removed and the wells washed. The horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-coupled secondary antibody was diluted and added to each well with an incubation time of 30 minutes. The HRP chemiluminescent substrate was added to every well. The plate was read on a Flourstar Omega BMG Labtech instrument (Ortenberg, Germany) and the analysis of IC50 was performed using the Flourstar Omega BMG Labtech software.

Results

Example PRMT5 IC₅₀ (nM) Example 1 528 Example 2 771 Example 3 1692 Example 4 542 Example 5 1726 Example 6 108 Example 7 322 Example 8 3341 Example 9 148 Example 10 67 Example 11 459 Example 12 86 Example 13 2039 Example 14 1634 Example 15 477 Example 16 286 Example 17 8035 Example 18 2052 Example 19 26874 Example 20 10516 Example 21 6191 Example 22 21048 Example 23 75720 Example 24 53689 Example 25 99 Example 26 10 Example 27 158 Example 28 45

REFERENCES

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All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety and to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein (to the maximum extent permitted by law).

All headings and sub-headings are used herein for convenience only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise paragraphed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-paragraphed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

The citation and incorporation of patent documents herein is done for convenience only and does not reflect any view of the validity, patentability, and/or enforceability of such patent documents.

This invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the paragraphs appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. 

1. A compound of formula I, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof,

wherein, Y¹ is a group selected from one of formula A and B,

X is selected from O, S, CH and NR⁷; X¹ is selected from C and N; Y is selected from a fused aryl group and a fused heteroaryl group, where each group is optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹; n is 1 and L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))C(O)—, —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))S(O_(q))—, —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(b))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(c))C(O)O—, and —(CH₂)_(p)OC(O)N(R^(c))—; or n is 0 and L is selected from R^(d)(R^(e))NC(O)—, —R^(d)(R^(e))NC(O)N(R^(b))—, —R^(d)(R^(e))N(R^(c))C(O)O—, R^(d)(R^(e))N(R^(c))S(O_(q)) and R^(d)(R^(e))N—; p is a number selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3; q is a number selected from 1 and 2; Z is selected from C₆₋₁₁aryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, (C₇₋₁₆)alkylaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, C₃₋₁₁cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, (C₄₋₁₇)cycloalkylalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 3-15 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 4-21 membered alkylheterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 5-15 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 6-21 membered alkylheteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰; R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —NR^(e)R^(d), OR^(f), and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹; R² is selected from hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹; R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹; R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, phenyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), COR^(a), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —C(═O)OR^(d), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —C(O)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)OR^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)S(═O)₂R^(d), —NR^(e)S(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), —OR^(d), —SR^(d), —OC(═O)R^(d), —OC(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —OC(═O)OR^(d), —S(═O)₂R^(d), —S(═O)R^(d), —OS(═O)R^(d), —OS(═O)₂R^(d), —OS(═O)₂OR^(d), —S(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —OS(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), and —S(═O)₂NR^(e)R^(d), where said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; each R^(d) is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₁ aryl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R^(e) is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R^(e) and R^(d), when attached to the same atom, together with the atom to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R^(f) is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; with the proviso that the compound of formula I is not: 2-[3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-[3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-[3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; 2-[3-(N-methyl-N-phenylethylamino)propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-[3-(N-methyl-N-phenylethylamino)propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-[3-(N-methyl-N-phenylethylamino)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; 2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1yl] propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1yl] propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1yl] propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; 2-[3-(isoindolin-2-yl)propyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-[3-(isoindolin-2-yl)propyl]-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; 2-[3-(isoindolin-2-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzofuro[3,2-c]pyridine; 1-(3-(8-methoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)piperazine; or 1-(3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)piperazine trihydrochloride.
 2. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein X is NR⁷ and CH.
 3. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R⁷ is selected hydrogen and methyl.
 4. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y is selected from a fused phenyl group and a fused 5-6 membered heteroaryl group where each group is optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹.
 5. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y is selected from a fused phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more R¹¹.
 6. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl and phenyl, are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 7. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, where said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl and O—C₁₋₆alkyl.
 8. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Y¹ is selected from:


9. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹.
 10. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen.
 11. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R² is selected from hydrogen, and C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R⁹.
 12. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or OR^(f).
 13. A compound according to any preceding claims, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein R¹ is OH and R² is hydrogen.
 14. A compound according to claim 1, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula IB:

wherein Y² is selected from,

where R¹² is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 15. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein n is 1 and L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))C(O)—, —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(a))S(O_(q))—, —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(b))—, —(CH₂)_(p)N(R^(c))C(O)O— and —(CH₂)_(p)OC(O)N(R^(c))—.
 16. A compound according to claim 15, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))— and —(CH₂)_(p)S(O_(q))N(R^(a))—.
 17. A compound according to claim 15, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein L is selected from —(CH₂)_(p)C(O)N(R^(a))—.
 18. A compound according to claim 1, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, of formula ID:

wherein Y³ is selected from,

where R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆alkyl and phenyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, COR^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₁ aryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 19. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from C₆₋₁₁aryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, C₃₋₁₁cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 3-15 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 5-15 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰;
 20. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from phenyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, 5-6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰.
 21. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from phenyl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰.
 22. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is a pyridyl or pyrimidinyl ring optionally substituted by one or more R¹⁰.
 23. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from:


24. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, ═O, halogen, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —C(═O)OR^(d), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(d), —C(O)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), where said C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl and 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, halogen, ═O, CN, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 25. A compound according to any preceding claim, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(e)R^(d), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(d), where said 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl and O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 26. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 23, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein Z is selected from:


27. A compound, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, selected from: 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; N-(2-hydroxy-3-{5-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; 6-(Cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-[(morpholin-4-yl)carbonyl]benzamide; N-(2-hydroxy-3-{1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; 2-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide; 6-(cyclobutylamino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; 6-[(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; N-(2-hydroxy-3-{9-methyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}propyl)-4-({3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl}carbonyl)benzamide; 2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl 3-phenylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate; 2-Hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate; N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxamide; N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3-phenyl pyrrolidine-1-carboxamide; N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)-3-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide; 6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; (S)-6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido [3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; (R)-6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido [3,4-b]indol-2-yl)propyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide; and 6-((1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(3-(3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-2(1H)-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxamide.
 28. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
 29. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 28, for use in therapy.
 30. A method of treating or preventing a PRMT5-mediated disorder, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 28. 31. A method of treating a proliferative disorder, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 28. 32. A method of treating a cancer, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 28. 33. A method of inhibiting the activity of PRMT5 in vivo or in vitro, said method comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 28. 34. A method of altering gene expression in a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 28. 